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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                             to

Commission File Number 001-36603

LIBERTY TRIPADVISOR HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (720) 875-5200

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐   No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings, Inc. computed by reference to the last sales price of such stock, as of the closing of trading on June 30, 2022, was approximately $53 million.

The number of outstanding shares of Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings, Inc.'s common stock as of January 31, 2023 was:

Documents Incorporated by Reference

The Registrant's definitive proxy statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is hereby incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Table of Contents

LIBERTY TRIPADVISOR HOLDINGS, INC.

2022 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

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PART I.

Item 1. Business.

General Development of Business

Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings, Inc. (“TripCo” or the “Company”) was formed in 2013 as a Delaware corporation.  TripCo was a subsidiary of Liberty Interactive Corporation (subsequently renamed Qurate Retail, Inc. (“Qurate Retail”)) until the completion of its spin-off from Qurate Retail on August 27, 2014 (“TripCo Spin-Off”). Following the TripCo Spin-Off, Qurate Retail and TripCo operate as separate, publicly traded companies, and neither has any stock ownership, beneficial or otherwise, in the other.  TripCo does not have any operations outside of its controlling interest in its subsidiary, Tripadvisor, Inc. (“Tripadvisor”). As of December 31, 2022, TripCo held an approximate 21% economic interest and 56% voting interest in Tripadvisor.

In connection with the TripCo Spin-Off, TripCo entered into certain agreements, including the services agreement, the facilities sharing agreement and the tax sharing agreement, with Qurate Retail and/or Liberty Media Corporation (“Liberty Media”) (or certain of their subsidiaries) in order to govern certain of the ongoing relationships between the companies after the TripCo Spin-Off and to provide for an orderly transition.

Pursuant to the services agreement (except as described below in respect to Gregory B. Maffei), Liberty Media provides TripCo with general and administrative services including legal, tax, accounting, treasury and investor relations support. TripCo reimburses Liberty Media for direct, out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Liberty Media in providing these services and TripCo pays a services fee to Liberty Media under the services agreement that is subject to adjustment semi-annually, as necessary.

In December 2019, TripCo entered into an amendment to the services agreement with Liberty Media in connection with Liberty Media’s entry into a new employment arrangement with Gregory B. Maffei, TripCo’s Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer.  Under the amended services agreement, components of his compensation would either be paid directly to him by each of TripCo, Liberty Broadband Corporation (“LBC”), and Qurate Retail (collectively, the “Service Companies”) or reimbursed to Liberty Media, in each case, based on allocations among Liberty Media and the Service Companies set forth in the amended services agreement. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the allocation percentage for TripCo was 5% in each year. The amended services agreement between Liberty Media and Mr. Maffei provides for a five year employment term which began on January 1, 2020 and ends December 31, 2024, with an aggregate annual base salary of $3 million (with no contracted increase), an aggregate one-time cash commitment bonus of $5 million (paid in December 2019), an aggregate annual target cash performance bonus of $17 million, aggregate annual equity awards of approximately $18 million and aggregate equity awards granted in connection with his entry into his new agreement of $90 million (the “upfront awards”). A portion of the grants made to our CEO in the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 related to our Company’s allocable portion of these upfront awards.

Under the facilities sharing agreement, TripCo shares office space with Liberty Media and related amenities at Liberty Media’s corporate headquarters in Englewood, Colorado.

On March 15, 2020, TripCo and Gregory B. Maffei entered into an Investment Agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with Certares Holdings LLC, Certares Holdings (Blockable) LLC and Certares Holdings (Optional) LLC with respect to an investment in TripCo’s newly-created 8% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) which was later assigned to Certares LTRIP LLC (“Certares” or the “Purchaser”). Pursuant to the assigned Investment Agreement, on March 26, 2020, TripCo issued 325,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock to Certares for a purchase price of $1,000 per share.  On March 29, 2021 and April 6, 2021, TripCo repurchased a portion of the Series A Preferred Stock. See further discussion about the Series A Preferred Stock in note 8 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.  

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding our business, product and marketing strategies; the direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic; improvements in global travel, related spending and revenue; cost reduction measures and related impacts; new product and service offerings; the recoverability of our goodwill and other long-lived assets; covenant compliance; our projected sources and uses of cash; consumer demand; anticipated debt obligations; fluctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange rates; and the anticipated impact of certain contingent liabilities related to tax rules and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business.  In particular, statements under Item 1. "Business," Item 1A. "Risk Factors," Item 2. "Properties," Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" contain forward-looking statements.  Forward-looking statements inherently involve many risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in these statements. Where, in any forward-looking statement, we express an expectation or belief as to future results or events, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis, but such statements necessarily involve risks and uncertainties and there can be no assurance that the expectation or belief will result or be achieved or accomplished. The following include some but not all of the factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated:

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These forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Annual Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to disseminate any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.  When considering such forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the factors described in Item 1A, "Risk Factors" and other cautionary statements contained in this Annual Report.  Such risk factors and statements describe circumstances which could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement.

This Annual Report includes information concerning Tripadvisor, a public company in which we have a controlling interest that files reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) in accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).  Information in this Annual Report concerning Tripadvisor has been derived from the reports and other information filed by Tripadvisor with the SEC.  If you would like further information about Tripadvisor, the reports and other information it files with the SEC can be accessed on the Internet website maintained by the SEC at www.sec.gov.  Those reports and other information are not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

Description of Business

Tripadvisor

Tripadvisor operates as a family of brands with a purpose of connecting people to experiences worth sharing.  Tripadvisor’s vision is to be the world’s most trusted source for travel and experiences. Tripadvisor operates across three reportable segments: Tripadvisor Core, Viator, and TheFork. Tripadvisor leverages its brands, technology platforms and capabilities to connect its large, global audience with partners by offering rich content, travel guidance products and services, and two-sided marketplaces for experiences, accommodations, restaurants, and other travel categories.

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Tripadvisor Core’s purpose is to empower everyone to be a better traveler by serving as the world’s most trusted and essential travel guidance platform. Since Tripadvisor’s founding in 2000, the Tripadvisor brand has developed a relationship of trust and community with travelers and experience seekers by providing an online global platform for travelers to discover, generate, and share authentic user-generated content (“UGC”) in the form of ratings and reviews for destinations, points-of-interest (“POIs”), experiences, accommodations, restaurants, and cruises in over 40 countries and over 20 languages across the world. As of December 31, 2022, Tripadvisor offered more than 1 billion user-generated ratings and reviews on nearly 8 million experiences, accommodations, restaurants, airlines, and cruises. Tripadvisor’s online platform attracts one of the world’s largest travel audiences, with hundreds of millions of visitors in 2022.

Viator’s purpose is to bring more wonder into the world—to bring extraordinary, unexpected, and forever memorable experiences to more people, more often, wherever they are traveling. In doing so, Viator elevates tens of thousands of businesses, large and small. Viator delivers on its purpose by enabling travelers to discover and book iconic, unique and memorable experiences from experience operators around the globe. Viator’s online marketplace is comprehensive and easy-to-use, connecting millions of travelers to the world’s largest supply of bookable tours, activities and attractions—over 300,000 experiences from more than 50,000 operators as of December 31, 2022. Viator is a pure-play experiences online travel agency (“OTA”) singularly focused on the needs of both travelers and operators with the largest supply of bookable experiences available to travelers.

TheFork’s purpose is to deliver happiness through amazing dining experiences. TheFork delivers on its purpose by providing an online marketplace that enables diners to discover and book online reservations at more than 55,000 restaurants in 12 countries, as of December 31, 2022, across the UK, western and central Europe, and Australia. TheFork has become an urban, gastronomic guide with a strong community that offers more than 20 million restaurant reviews.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant negative impact on the travel and hospitality industries (collectively, the “travel industry”) and consequently adversely and materially affected Tripadvisor’s business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. In 2022, Tripadvisor generally experienced a travel demand recovery fueled by the continued easing of government restrictions globally and increasing consumer travel demand. Tripadvisor believes that consumers will continue to seek connection with others, discover new places, and experience new things through travel. Tripadvisor believes this sustained demand, combined with an ongoing need to make informed decisions, creates significant long-term growth opportunities for Tripadvisor’s business.

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Tripadvisor’s Industry and Market Opportunity

Tripadvisor is one of the world’s largest online travel companies; however, its consolidated annual revenue in 2022 of nearly $1.5 billion represents less than one percent of total worldwide travel spending which highlights the potential size of its global market opportunity. Phocuswright, an independent travel, tourism and hospitality research firm, estimated global travel spending, exclusive of experiences and dining, at approximately $1.6 trillion in 2020, prior to the onset of COVID-19. In December 2022, Phocuswright estimated global travel spending will reach approximately $1.4 trillion by 2024, with an expected increasing share booked through online channels each year.

Tripadvisor believes that it is a compelling leader in the global experiences industry and well positioned to capture increased share in a large and growing market that is estimated to reach more than $275 billion by 2025 according to Arival’s October 2022 report (the “Arival Report”), a leading research provider on the in-destination experiences industry. Moreover, Tripadvisor believes it is poised to benefit from increased online adoption in the global experiences industry. While online penetration in experiences remains nearly a third below other major travel categories, such as hotel accommodations, the anticipated total size of the online experiences market will continue to expand, and is expected to surpass pre-pandemic levels by 2023, according to the Arival Report, as travelers become increasingly more comfortable making last-minute bookings online, operators continue to shift online in order to more efficiently adhere to evolving pandemic regulations, and international travel returns. In addition, OTAs are the fastest growing channel in the travel experiences market and are expected to undergo significant growth going forward, with the OTA channel expected to experience a compounded annual growth rate (“CAGR”) of 62% from 2020 to 2025 according to the Arival Report.

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Based on information in Euromonitor’s February 2022 report, a leading provider of global business intelligence, market research data and analysis, Tripadvisor estimates the full-service European restaurant industry may reach approximately $250 billion by 2025. In addition, based on this same data, this industry is exhibiting a similar trend as the experiences industry in terms of online adoption; the majority of restaurant reservation bookings still take place offline, but an increasing share is booked through online channels each year. Tripadvisor believes that it is still early in the global shift in consumer adoption towards booking experiences and restaurants online, which provides an exciting future market opportunity for its business.

Business Models

The Tripadvisor Core segment includes revenue generated from the following sources:

Tripadvisor provides additional business-to-business (“B2B”) offerings to hotels and related accommodation partners that deliver other unique opportunities to further promote, advertise, and operate their businesses as well as merchandise their inventory on its platform. These include a subscription-based advertising solution, with payments determined by a contractual fee and time duration, or other CPC-based advertising services through hotel sponsored placements on Tripadvisor’s platform.

Tripadvisor provides additional B2B offerings to restaurant partners that deliver other unique opportunities to further promote, advertise, and operate their businesses as well as merchandise their businesses on its platform. These offerings can be subscription-based, with payments determined by a contractual fee and time duration, or CPC-based advertising services through restaurant sponsored placements on its platform.

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The Viator segment offers travelers a comprehensive online marketplace that provides access to over 300,000 experiences and over 50,000 experience operators. These experiences are instantly bookable online in over 190 countries. Tripadvisor’s business model relies on the success of travelers and operators who join its marketplace and generate consistent bookings over time. As operators become more successful on Tripadvisor’s platform and as travelers return over time, Tripadvisor benefits from the recurring activity on its marketplace. Tripadvisor generates revenue through commissions for each booking transaction it facilitates directly and indirectly through its platform. Through Viator, Tripadvisor powers traveler experience bookings on behalf of third-party distribution partner websites, including the Tripadvisor platform as well as many of the world’s major OTAs, airlines, hotels, online and offline travel agencies, and other prominent content and eCommerce brands.  For the majority of experience bookings, Tripadvisor collects the full amount charged to the traveler at the time of booking and remits the operator’s portion after the booked experience occurs, which contributes to positive working capital before the traveler completes the experience.

TheFork segment offers travelers and diners a comprehensive online marketplace that provides access to more than 55,000 restaurants to discover and book reservations in 12 countries across the UK, western and central Europe, and Australia. Tripadvisor primarily generates revenue for each booking reservation it facilitates on its platform, calculated on a per seated diner fee basis and paid for by the restaurant partner.  Tripadvisor also generates revenue on a subscription basis from restaurant partners by providing, for a fee, access to premium online reservation booking software and related services offerings to help them more effectively and efficiently manage their business.

Commercial Relationships  

Tripadvisor has commercial relationships with a majority of the world’s leading OTAs, as well as thousands of other travel partners, pursuant to which these companies primarily purchase traveler leads from Tripadvisor, generally on a click-based advertising basis. Although these relationships are memorialized in agreements, many of these agreements are for limited terms or are terminable at will or on short notice. As a result, Tripadvisor seeks to ensure the mutual success of these relationships.

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, Tripadvisor’s two most significant travel partners were Expedia Group, Inc., and its subsidiaries (“Expedia”), and Booking Holdings Inc., and its subsidiaries (“Booking Holdings”), each of which accounted for 10% or more of Tripadvisor’s consolidated revenue and together accounted for approximately 35%, 34% and 25% of its consolidated revenue, respectively, with nearly all of this concentration of revenue recorded in the Tripadvisor Core segment during these reporting periods. Additionally, Tripadvisor’s business is dependent on relationships with third-party service operators that it relies on to fulfill service obligations to its customers where Tripadvisor is the merchant of record, such as Tripadvisor’s experience providers and vacation rental owners. However, no single operator’s inventory resulted in more than 10% of Tripadvisor’s revenue on a consolidated basis or at a reportable segment level in any period presented.

Operations and Technology

Tripadvisor has assembled a team of highly skilled software engineers, computer scientists, data scientists, network engineers and systems engineers whose expertise spans a broad range of technical areas, including a wide variety of open source operating systems, databases, languages, analytics, networking, scalable web architecture, operations and warehousing technologies. Tripadvisor makes significant investments in product and feature development, data management, personalization technologies, scalable infrastructures, networking, data warehousing, and search engine technologies.

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Tripadvisor’s systems infrastructure for Tripadvisor-branded websites is in a "hybrid-cloud" configuration in which parts of it are housed at a colocation facility and managed by Tripadvisor’s operations team, while the rest is hosted on Amazon Web Services. Tripadvisor’s infrastructure installations have multiple communication links as well as continuous monitoring and engineering support. The co-location facility is protected with both network-level and application-level defenses, using well known commercial solutions tailored for such purposes. Tripadvisor makes use of Amazon Web Services availability zones to provide redundancy for the cloud portions of its infrastructure. Substantially all of Tripadvisor’s software components, data, and content are replicated in multiple data centers and development centers, as well as backed up at offsite locations. Tripadvisor’s systems are monitored and protected through multiple layers of security. Several of Tripadvisor’s individual subsidiaries and businesses have their own technology teams to support business growth while leveraging common assets, tools and processes for scale.

Intellectual Property

Tripadvisor’s intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, domain names, trade dress, proprietary technology and trade secrets, is an important component of its business. Tripadvisor relies on its intellectual property rights in its content, proprietary technology, software code, ratings indexes, databases of reviews and forum content. Tripadvisor has acquired some of its intellectual property rights through licenses and content agreements with third parties and these arrangements may place restrictions on its use of the intellectual property.

Tripadvisor protects its intellectual property by relying on its terms of use, confidentiality agreements and contractual provisions, as well as on international, national, federal, state and common law rights. Tripadvisor protects its brands by pursuing the trademark registration of its core brands, as appropriate, maintaining its trademark portfolio, securing contractual trademark rights protection when appropriate, and relying on common law trademark rights when appropriate. Tripadvisor also registers copyrights and domain names as deemed appropriate. Additionally, Tripadvisor protects its trademarks, domain names and copyrights with the use of intellectual property licenses and an enforcement program.

Tripadvisor has considered, and will continue to consider, the appropriateness of filing for patents to protect future inventions, as circumstances may warrant.  However, many patents protect only specific inventions and there can be no assurance that others may not create new products or methods that achieve similar results without infringing upon patents owned by Tripadvisor.

In connection with Tripadvisor’s copyrightable content, it posts and institutes procedures under the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act and similar “host privilege” statutes worldwide to gain immunity from copyright liability for photographs, text and other content loaded on its platform by consumers.  However, differences between statutes, limitations on immunity, political and regulatory efforts to amend relevant statutes, and moderation efforts in the many jurisdictions in which Tripadvisor operates may affect its ability to claim immunity.

From time to time, Tripadvisor may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of its business, including claims of alleged infringement by Tripadvisor of the trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other intellectual property rights of third parties.  In addition, litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce Tripadvisor’s intellectual property rights, protect its trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights claimed by others.  Any such litigation, regardless of outcome or merit, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management and technical resources, any of which could materially harm Tripadvisor’s business.  

Seasonality

Consumers’ travel expenditures have historically followed a seasonal pattern. Correspondingly, travel partner advertising investments and therefore Tripadvisor’s revenue and operating profits, have also historically followed a seasonal pattern.  Tripadvisor’s financial performance tends to be seasonally highest in the second and third quarters of a given year, which includes the seasonal peak in consumer demand, including traveler accommodation stays, and travel experiences taken, compared to the first and fourth quarters, which represent seasonal low points. In addition, during the first half of the year, experience bookings typically exceed the amount of completed experiences, resulting in higher cash

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flow related to working capital, while during the second half of the year, particularly in the third quarter, this pattern reverses and cash flows from these transactions are typically negative.

Certain factors may also impact typical seasonal fluctuations, which include any significant shifts in Tripadvisor’s business mix or adverse economic conditions that could result in future seasonal patterns that are different from historical trends. For example, the negative impact to Tripadvisor’s business from COVID-19 materially affected its historical trends at varying levels during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, while these trends significantly improved during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in increased revenue, and working capital and operating cash flow more akin to typical historical seasonality trends.

Terms of Investment in Tripadvisor

We own an approximate 21% economic interest and 56% voting interest in Tripadvisor as of December 31, 2022. Tripadvisor’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the holders of Tripadvisor common stock, acting as a single class, are entitled to elect a number of directors equal to 25% of the total number of directors, rounded up to the next whole number, which is currently three directors. We consolidate Tripadvisor as we control a majority of the voting interest in Tripadvisor. We are subject to a Governance Agreement with Tripadvisor which provides us with certain director nomination, registration and other rights and imposes certain restrictions on our shares of Class B common stock.

Regulatory Matters

Tripadvisor is subject to a number of laws and regulations that affect companies conducting business on the Internet as well as some relating to the travel industry, the provision of travel services and the vacation rental industry.  As Tripadvisor continues to expand the reach of its brands into additional international markets and expands its product offerings, it is increasingly subject to additional laws and regulations.  This includes laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection, libel and defamation, content, intellectual property, distribution, electronic contracts and other communications, consumer protection, taxation, online payment services and competition, among others. These laws and regulations are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. Many of these laws and regulations are being tested in courts, and could be interpreted by regulators and courts in ways that could harm Tripadvisor’s business. In addition, the application and interpretation of these laws and regulations is often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly-evolving industry in which Tripadvisor operates.

In addition, Tripadvisor provides advertising data and information and conducts marketing activities that are subject to consumer protection laws that regulate unfair and deceptive practices, domestically and internationally, including, in some countries, pricing display requirements, licensing and registration requirements and industry specific value-added tax regimes. The U.S. (as well as individual states), the European Union (the “E.U.”) (as well as member states) and other countries have adopted legislation that regulates certain aspects of the Internet, including online editorial and user-generated content, data privacy, behavioral targeting and online advertising, taxation, and liability for third-party activities.

It is difficult to accurately predict how such legislation will be interpreted and applied or whether new taxes or regulations will be imposed on Tripadvisor’s services, and whether or how Tripadvisor might be affected. Increased regulation of the Internet could increase the cost of doing business or otherwise materially adversely affect Tripadvisor’s business, financial condition or operating results.

Tripadvisor is subject to laws that require protection of user privacy and user data. As Tripadvisor’s business has evolved, Tripadvisor has begun to receive and store a greater volume of personally identifiable data. This data is increasingly subject to laws and regulations in numerous jurisdictions around the world. For example, the E.U., in May 2018, adopted the General Data Protection Regulation, which requires companies, including Tripadvisor, to meet enhanced requirements regarding the handling and storage of personal data.  In January 2020, the State of California adopted the Consumer Privacy Protection Act which also enhances privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California.  In addition, several other U.S. states, including Colorado, Connecticut, Utah and Virginia, have adopted similar laws or

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are currently evaluating their own laws and regulations. The enactment, interpretation and application of these laws is still in a state of flux.

Compliance with these laws, rules and regulations has not had, and is not expected to have, a material effect on Tripadvisor’s business, results of operations and financial condition. However, there are, and will likely continue to be, an increasing number of laws and regulations pertaining to the internet and online commerce and/or information retrieved from or transmitted over the internet, online editorial and user-generated content, user privacy, behavioral targeting and online advertising, liability for third-party activities. Likewise, the SEC, Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and Office of Foreign Assets Controls (“OFAC”), as well as foreign regulatory authorities, have continued to increase the enforcement of economic sanctions and trade regulations, anti-money laundering, and anti-corruption laws, across industries. As regulations continue to evolve and regulatory oversight continues to increase, Tripadvisor cannot guarantee that its programs and policies will be deemed compliant by all applicable regulatory authorities.

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Marketing

Tripadvisor has established world-renowned, widely used, and recognized brands through the innovative and efficient implementation of marketing and promotional campaigns. Particularly, Tripadvisor believes it has been successful with the strategic use of a number of cost effective online and offline marketing channels to reach travelers and diners, including its own platform channels (i.e., websites and apps), online search engines (primarily Google), social media, email, media via public relations, partnerships, and content distribution. Tripadvisor’s omni-channel marketing programs are intended to showcase the value of its industry-leading travel brands; increase user traffic; efficiently drive transactions and engagement; optimize ongoing traveler acquisition costs; and strategically position its brands in relation to one another as Tripadvisor continues to differentiate its offering versus those of its competitors. Tripadvisor’s sustained scale and profitability depend on its continued ability to cost effectively maintain and increase the overall number of users engaged on its platforms and their subsequent transactions. Tripadvisor continues to focus on its ability to attract and engage new and repeat users and encourage users to directly visit its websites and apps. Tripadvisor has the ability to manage its marketing investments across its portfolio of brands to optimize its results. Tripadvisor’s relative flexibility enables it to make decisions on a brand-by-brand, market-by-market, travel segment and customer basis that it thinks are appropriate based on the relative growth opportunity, the expected returns and the competitive environment.

Competition

Tripadvisor operates in a very competitive set of market environments that constantly evolve and change.  Some of Tripadvisor’s current and potential competitors, listed below, have significantly more customers, data, and financial and other resources than Tripadvisor does, and may be able to leverage those strengths to compete more aggressively with Tripadvisor.

Tripadvisor primarily competes, and in some cases partners, with the following businesses:

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Human Capital Resources

Employees

As described above, our Company is party to a services agreement with Liberty Media, pursuant to which 83 Liberty Media corporate employees provide certain management services to the Company for a determined fee. As a result, our Company is not responsible for the hiring, retention and compensation of these individuals (except that our Company does grant equity incentive awards to these individuals). However, our Company directly benefits from the efforts undertaken by Liberty Media to attract and retain talented employees. Liberty Media strives to create a diverse, inclusive and supportive workplace, with opportunities for its employees to grow and develop in their careers, supported by competitive compensation, benefits and health and wellness programs, and by programs that build connections between its employees and their communities. Our Company fully supports these efforts.

As of December 31, 2022, Tripadvisor had approximately 3,100 employees. Approximately 55%, 35% and 10% of Tripadvisor’s current employees are based in Europe, the U.S. and the rest of the world, respectively. Additionally, Tripadvisor uses independent contractors to supplement its workforce. Tripadvisor believes it has good relationships with its employees and contractors, including relationships with employees represented by international works councils or other similar organizations.

Talent Acquisition and Development

Tripadvisor believes its employees are essential to its success and that its success depends on its ability to attract, develop and retain key talent. The skills, experience and industry knowledge of key employees significantly benefit Tripadvisor’s operations and performance. Competition for qualified personnel is intense, particularly for software engineers, computer scientists, and other technical staff, and constrained labor markets have increased competition for personnel across other parts of Tripadvisor’s business. Tripadvisor's management and Board of Directors oversee various initiatives for talent acquisition, retention and development.

Tripadvisor’s talent philosophy is to both develop talent from within and to strategically recruit key external talent. This approach has yielded a deep understanding, among Tripadvisor’s employee base, of its business, its products, and its customers, while adding new employees and ideas in support of its continuous improvement mindset.

Tripadvisor’s overall talent acquisition and retention strategy is designed to attract and retain diverse and qualified candidates to enable the success of the company and achievement of its performance goals. Tripadvisor recruits the best people for the job without regard to gender, ethnicity or other protected traits and it is its policy to comply fully with all domestic, foreign and local laws relating to discrimination in the workplace. Tripadvisor’s talent acquisition team uses internal and external resources to recruit highly skilled and talented workers, and encourages employee referrals for open positions.

Tripadvisor supports and develops its employees through global training and development programs that build and strengthen employees’ leadership and professional skills. Leadership development includes programs for new leaders as well as programs designed to support more experienced leaders. Tripadvisor also partners with external training organizations to help provide current and future workers with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed.

It is important that Tripadvisor’s employees represent a mix of experiences and backgrounds in order to make its company stronger, more innovative and more inclusive. Inclusion is one of Tripadvisor’s core values, and it has programs in place to promote diversity and inclusion. Tripadvisor’s diversity and inclusion initiatives support its goal that everyone throughout the company is engaged in creating an inclusive workplace. Tripadvisor supports inclusion through training on topics including Unconscious Bias and Inclusive Leadership. Tripadvisor also supports a network of active Employee Resource Groups reflecting many dimensions of diversity across the company.

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Total Rewards

As part of Tripadvisor’s compensation philosophy, it believes that it must offer and maintain market competitive total rewards programs for its employees in order to attract, motivate and retain superior talent. These programs not only include base wages and incentives in support of its pay for performance culture, but also health, welfare, and retirement benefits.

Tripadvisor designs its benefit programs to meet the needs of its employees’ health while managing program costs for escalation rates at or below industry trend factors.  Tripadvisor’s programs include but are not limited to wellness, mental health services, telemedicine, and partnerships with service providers that support diverse family-care need solutions.  Tripadvisor continuously refines, develops and implements proactive health care strategies and solutions that allow it to enhance employee health and well-being while curbing costs.

Health and Safety

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The health and safety of its employees is of utmost importance to Tripadvisor. Tripadvisor conducts regular self-assessments and audits to ensure compliance with its health and safety guidelines and regulatory requirements.

Available Information

All of our filings with the SEC, including our Form 10-Ks, Form 10-Qs and Form 8-Ks, as well as amendments to such filings are available on our Internet website free of charge generally within 24 hours after we file such material with the SEC.  Our website address is www.libertytripadvisorholdings.com.

Our corporate governance guidelines, code of business conduct and ethics, compensation committee charter, nominating and corporate governance committee charter, and audit committee charter are available on our website.  In addition, we will provide a copy of any of these documents, free of charge, to any shareholder who calls or submits a request in writing to Investor Relations, Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings, Inc., 12300 Liberty Boulevard, Englewood, Colorado 80112, Tel. No. (877) 772-1518.

The information contained on our website and the websites of our subsidiaries and affiliated businesses mentioned throughout this report are not incorporated by reference herein.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The risks described below and elsewhere in this annual report are not the only ones that relate to our businesses or our capitalization.  The risks described below are considered to be the most material.  However, there may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that also could have material adverse effects on our businesses.  Past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods.  If any of the events described below were to occur, our businesses, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

The following is a summary of the material risk factors that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations

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Risk Factor Summary

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Risk Factors Relating to Our Corporate History and Structure

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Risk Factors Relating to Tripadvisor

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Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters

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Risks Related to Data Security and Privacy

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Risks Related to Financial Matters

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Risks Related to Tax Matters

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Risk Factors Relating to our Common Stock and the Securities Market

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Risk Factors Relating to Our Corporate History and Structure

We are a holding company, and we could be unable in the future to obtain cash in amounts sufficient to service our financial obligations or meet our other commitments. Our ability to meet our financial obligations and other contractual commitments, including debt service payments under TripCo’s 0.50% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2051 (the "Debentures") and any other indebtedness that we may obtain in the future, depends upon our ability to access cash. We are a holding company, and our sources of cash include our available cash balances, any dividends and interest we may receive from our investments and proceeds from any asset sales we may undertake in the future. We currently have no plans with respect to any asset sales. The ability of Tripadvisor to pay dividends or to make other payments or advances to us depends on its operating results and any statutory, regulatory or contractual restrictions to which it may be or may become subject.

Our holding company structure could restrict access to funds of our subsidiaries that may be needed to service our financial obligations. Our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and they have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to pay any amounts due under our indebtedness. The payment of dividends or the making of loans or advances to us by our subsidiaries may be subject to statutory, regulatory or contractual restrictions, are contingent upon the earnings of those subsidiaries, and are subject to various business considerations. Accordingly, our ability to make interest payments on our indebtedness and to otherwise meet our financial obligations at the holding company level is constricted.

Notwithstanding our ownership interest in Tripadvisor and our having two nominees on its ten member board of directors, we have no ability to cause Tripadvisor to pay dividends or otherwise make funds available to us. We do not have access to the cash that Tripadvisor generates from its operating activities. Tripadvisor generated $400 million, generated $108 million and used $194 million of cash from its operations during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Tripadvisor uses the cash it generates from its operations to fund its investing activities and to service its debt and other financing obligations. We do not have access to the cash that Tripadvisor generates unless Tripadvisor declares a dividend on its capital stock payable in cash, repurchases any or all of its outstanding shares of capital stock for cash or otherwise distributes or makes payments to its stockholders, including us. Other than the special dividend paid in December 2019, Tripadvisor has not historically paid any dividends on its capital stock or, with limited exceptions, otherwise distributed cash to its stockholders and instead has used all of its available cash in the expansion of its business and to service its debt obligations. Covenants in Tripadvisor’s existing debt instruments also restrict the payment of dividends and cash distributions to stockholders. We expect that Tripadvisor will continue to apply its available cash to the expansion of its business.

Our company may have future capital needs and may not be able to obtain additional financing, or refinance our existing indebtedness, on acceptable terms.  As of December 31, 2022, 187,414 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were outstanding and held by Certares (as defined below), with a redemption value, as of December 31, 2022, of approximately $232 million, which we are required to redeem for cash on the earlier of (i) the first business day after March 26, 2025, or (ii) subject to certain exceptions, our change in control. Beginning on March 27, 2024, we have the option, from time to time, to call and repurchase any and all of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock for cash.    Our cash reserves may be insufficient to satisfy our obligation to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock.

As of December 31, 2022, TripCo had approximately $381 million principal amount of debt outstanding, consisting of $330 million outstanding under the Debentures, and $51 million outstanding under the VPF (defined in note 3 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements). 

Although Tripadvisor has substantial cash flow from operations, we have limited sources of cash and liquidity. Our cash balance is expected to enable us to fund our parent level operating expenses for the foreseeable future; however, we cannot assure you that we will not experience unexpected expenses or that we will have sufficient liquidity to fund our operations and service our debt and other obligations during the foreseeable future. For additional information about our company’s ability to potentially service our direct debt obligations, see “We are a holding company, and we could be unable in the future to obtain cash in amounts sufficient to service our financial obligations or meet our other commitments.” above.

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In addition, the availability of capital for our company will be subject to prevailing general economic and credit market conditions, including interest rate levels and the availability of credit generally, and financial, business and other factors, all of which are beyond the control of our company. In light of periodic uncertainty in the capital and credit markets, there can be no assurance that sufficient financing will be available on desirable terms, if at all, to fund investments, acquisitions, stock repurchases, dividends, debt refinancing or extraordinary actions or that counterparties in any such financings would honor their contractual commitments. If financing is not available when needed or is not available on favorable terms, our company may be unable to complete acquisitions, repurchase equity or otherwise take advantage of business opportunities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of our company. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities, our stockholders may experience significant dilution.

Our Series A Preferred Stock has rights, preferences and privileges that are not held by, and are preferential to, the rights of our common stockholders, which could adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition and result in the interests of Certares (as defined below) differing from those of our common stockholders. On March 15, 2020, we entered into an Investment Agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with Certares Holdings LLC, Certares Holdings (Blockable) LLC, and Certares, Holdings (Optional) LLC  (collectively, “Certares”). Pursuant to the Investment Agreement, we sold Certares 325,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, for a purchase price of $1,000 per share. As of December 31, 2022, 187,414 shares of Series A Preferred Stock remained outstanding, which were held by Certares. As a holder of our Series A Preferred Stock, Certares is entitled to receive:

As discussed above, we are required to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock for cash on the earlier of the first business day after March 26, 2025 or, subject to certain exceptions, our change in control, and we have the option, from time to time beginning on March 27, 2024, to call and repurchase any and all of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock for cash.

These dividend obligations, call right and share repurchase obligations could impact our liquidity and reduce the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, growth opportunities, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes and could limit our ability to obtain additional financing or increase our borrowing costs, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

Holders of our Series A Preferred Stock have certain consent rights, including with respect to dividends on or repurchases of our common stock, incurring certain indebtedness, issuing certain stock, entering certain transaction and transferring certain shares of Tripadvisor stock. For so long as at least 25% of the original aggregate liquidation value of the Series A Preferred Stock remains outstanding (the “Threshold Amount”), we will not pay any dividends on or repurchase shares of our common stock without the prior written consent of the holders of a majority of the Series A Preferred Stock (subject to certain exceptions). In addition, for so long as Certares beneficially owns a number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock with an aggregate liquidation value at least equal to the Threshold Amount, we will be required to obtain the prior written consent of the holders of at least a majority of the Series A Preferred Stock prior to incurring certain indebtedness, issuing any stock which ranks on a parity basis with or senior to the Series A Preferred Stock, issuing shares of our Series B common stock, subject to certain exceptions, entering into certain affiliate transactions and transferring shares of Class B common stock and common stock of Tripadvisor. Such consent rights may limit our financial and operational flexibility, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and/or liquidity.

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Holders of Series A Preferred Stock have certain redemption rights. We may not be able to raise the funds necessary to finance such a redemption.  We are required to redeem for cash shares of Series A Preferred Stock on the earlier of (i) the first business day after March 26, 2025 or (ii) subject to certain exceptions, our change in control. The “Redemption Price” in a mandatory redemption will equal the greater of (i) the sum of the liquidation value on the redemption date, plus all unpaid dividends accrued since the last dividend date, and (ii) the product of the (x) initial liquidation value, multiplied by (y) an accretion factor (determined based on a formula set forth in the related Certificate of Designations) with respect to the common stock of Tripadvisor, less (z) the aggregate amount of all dividends paid in cash or shares of our Series A or Series C common stock from March 26, 2020 through the applicable redemption date.

It is possible that we would not have sufficient funds to make any required redemption of Series A Preferred Stock. Moreover, we may not be able to arrange financing, to pay the redemption price.

Our company has overlapping directors and officers with Qurate Retail, Liberty Media and LBC and, following Liberty Media’s proposed split-off of its subsidiary Atlanta Braves Holdings, Inc. (“ABH”), is expected to have overlapping directors and officers with ABH, which may lead to conflicting interests.  As a result of our spin-off from Qurate Retail in 2014 and other transactions between 2011 and 2014 that resulted in the separate corporate existence of Qurate Retail, Liberty Media and LBC, as well as Liberty Media’s proposed split-off of ABH, all of our executive officers also serve (or will serve, in the case of ABH) as executive officers of Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, LBC and ABH, and there are overlapping directors. None of the foregoing companies has any ownership interest in any of the others (other than Liberty Media’s current ownership of ABH pending the completion of the transactions to effect the proposed split-off of ABH). Our executive officers and members of our company’s board of directors have fiduciary duties to our stockholders. Likewise, any such persons who serve in similar capacities at Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, LBC, ABH or any other public company have fiduciary duties to that company’s stockholders. For example, there may be the potential for a conflict of interest when our company, Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, LBC or ABH looks at acquisitions and other corporate opportunities that may be suitable for each of them. Therefore, such persons may have conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving or affecting more than one of the companies to which they owe fiduciary duties. Moreover, many of our company’s directors and officers own (or will own) Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, ABH and/or LBC stock and equity awards. These ownership interests could create, or appear to create, potential conflicts of interest when the applicable individuals are faced with decisions that could have different implications for our company, Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, LBC and ABH. Each of our company and LBC has renounced its rights to certain business opportunities and their respective restated certificate of incorporation provides that no director or officer of the respective company will breach their fiduciary duty and therefore be liable to the respective company or its stockholders by reason of the fact that any such individual directs a corporate opportunity to another person or entity (including Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, LBC, ABH and TripCo, as the case may be) instead of the respective company, or does not refer or communicate information regarding such corporate opportunity to the respective company, unless (x) such opportunity was expressly offered to such person solely in his or her capacity as a director or officer of the respective company or as a director or officer of any of the respective company’s subsidiaries, and (y) such opportunity relates to a line of business in which the respective company or any of its subsidiaries is then directly engaged. In addition, any potential conflict that qualifies as a “related party transaction” (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K) is subject to review by an independent committee of the applicable issuer’s board of directors in accordance with its corporate governance guidelines. In addition, we understand that ABH is expected to adopt similar renouncement and waiver provisions in its restated articles of incorporation in connection with its proposed split-off from Liberty Media. Any other potential conflicts that arise will be addressed on a case-by-case basis, keeping in mind the applicable fiduciary duties owed by the executive officers and directors of each issuer. From time to time, we may enter into transactions with Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, LBC, ABH and/or their subsidiaries or other affiliates. There can be no assurance that the terms of any such transactions will be as favorable to our company, Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, LBC, ABH or any of their respective subsidiaries or affiliates as would be the case where there is no overlapping officer or director.

Certain of our inter-company agreements were negotiated while we were a subsidiary of Qurate Retail. We entered into a number of inter-company agreements covering matters such as tax sharing and our responsibility for certain liabilities previously undertaken by Qurate Retail for certain of our businesses. In addition, we entered into a services agreement with Liberty Media pursuant to which it provides to us certain management, administrative, financial, treasury, accounting, tax, legal and other services, for which we pay Liberty Media a services fee, and pursuant to an amendment to the services agreement, components of our President and Chief Executive Officer’s compensation will either be paid

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directly to him by our company or reimbursed to Liberty Media, in each case, based on the allocation set forth in the amendment. The terms of all of these agreements (other than the amendment to the services agreement relating to Mr. Maffei’s compensation) were established while we were a wholly owned subsidiary of Qurate Retail, and hence may not be the result of arms’ length negotiations. Although we believe that the negotiations with Liberty Media were at arms’ length, the persons negotiating on behalf of Liberty Media also serve as officers of Qurate Retail, as described above. We believe that the terms of these inter-company agreements are commercially reasonable and fair to all parties under the circumstances; however, conflicts could arise in the interpretation or any extension or renegotiation of the foregoing agreements.

Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, specifically trademarks, represent a significant portion of our total assets, and we may never realize the full value of our intangible assets. As of December 31, 2022, we had intangible assets not subject to amortization, which consisted of goodwill and trademarks, of approximately $2,926 million, which represented approximately 63% of total assets as of December 31, 2022. These intangible assets were recorded in connection with our acquisition of a controlling interest in Tripadvisor in 2012 and subsequent acquisitions by Tripadvisor. We perform our annual assessment of the recoverability of our goodwill and other non-amortizable intangible assets during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. Impairments may result from, among other things, deterioration in financial and operational performance, declines in stock price, increased attrition, adverse market conditions, adverse changes in applicable laws and/or regulations, deterioration of general macroeconomic conditions, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, increased competitive markets in which Tripadvisor operates in, declining financial performance over a sustained period, changes in key personnel and/or strategy, and a variety of other factors.

Due to the impact of COVID-19 on Tripadvisor’s future revenue outlook, TripCo recorded a trademark impairment of $250 million during the three months ended June 30, 2020 related to the former Hotels, Media & Platform reporting unit. Based on the quantitative assessment performed during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and the resulting impairment loss recorded, the carrying fair value of the trademark approximated its estimated fair value.  Further declines in Tripadvisor’s future revenue outlook could result in a decrease in the fair value of the trademark. TripCo will continue to monitor events and circumstances that may affect the fair value or carrying value of its trademark.

Due to the impact of COVID-19 on Tripadvisor’s operating results, which led to a decline in Tripadvisor’s stock price, TripCo recorded a goodwill impairment of $279 million during the three months ended June 30, 2020, related to the former Hotels, Media & Platform reporting unit. Based on the quantitative assessment performed during the second quarter and the resulting impairment loss recorded, the carrying value of the former Hotels, Media & Platform reporting unit approximated its estimated fair value. Declines in the future revenue outlook, cash flows, or other changes in the business, may necessitate future impairments, which could be material.  TripCo will continue to monitor Tripadvisor’s financial performance, stock price and other events and circumstances that may negatively impact the estimated fair values to determine if future impairment assessments may be necessary.

The amount of any quantified impairment must be expensed immediately as a charge to results of operations. Any impairment charge relating to goodwill or other intangible assets would have the effect of decreasing our earnings or increasing our losses in such period. At least annually, or as circumstances arise that may trigger an assessment, we will test our goodwill for impairment. There can be no assurance that our future evaluations of goodwill will not result in our recognition of additional impairment charges, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial statements and results of operations.

Risk Factors Relating to Tripadvisor

Weak economic conditions, including those that cause declines or disruptions in the travel industry or reduce consumer discretionary spending have had a material adverse impact on Tripadvisor’s business and financial performance. Tripadvisor’s business and financial performance are affected by the health of the worldwide travel industry. Events beyond Tripadvisor’s control, such as pandemics, unusual or extreme weather or natural disasters (whether caused by climate change or otherwise), travel-related health concerns (including epidemics or pandemics), restrictions related to travel, trade or immigration policies, wars, sources of political uncertainty, foreign policy changes, regional hostilities, imposition of taxes or surcharges by regulatory authorities, labor unrest or travel-related accidents can disrupt travel

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globally or otherwise result in declines in travel demand. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruption in the travel industry and resulted in a material adverse impact on Tripadvisor’s business.

In addition, the uncertainty of macro-economic factors and their impact on consumer behavior makes it more difficult to forecast industry and consumer trends, which in turn could adversely affect Tripadvisor’s ability to effectively manage its business. Tripadvisor’s financial performance is also subject to global economic conditions and their impact on levels of discretionary consumer spending. Sales of travel services tend to decline or grow more slowly during economic downturns and times of inflation when consumers engage in less discretionary spending, are concerned about unemployment or economic weakness, have reduced access to credit or experience other concerns that reduce their ability or willingness to travel. Leisure travel, which accounts for a substantial majority of Tripadvisor’s current business, is particularly dependent on discretionary consumer spending levels.

If Tripadvisor is unable to continue to attract a significant amount of visitors to its platform, to cost-effectively convert these visitors into revenue-generating customers and to continue to engage consumers, its business and financial performance could be harmed. Tripadvisor’s traffic and user engagement could be adversely affected by a number of factors including, but not limited to, inability to provide quality content, inventory or supply to its consumers; declines or inefficiencies in traffic acquisition and reduced awareness of its brands. Certain of Tripadvisor’s competitors have advertising campaigns expressly designed to drive traffic directly to their websites, and these campaigns may negatively impact traffic to Tripadvisor’s platform. There can be no assurances that Tripadvisor will continue to provide content and products in a manner that meets rapidly changing demand. Any failure to obtain and manage content and products in a cost-effective manner that will engage consumers, or any failure to provide content and products that are perceived as useful, reliable and trustworthy, could adversely affect user experiences and their repeat behavior, reduce traffic to Tripadvisor’s platform and negatively impact its business and financial performance.

Tripadvisor relies on internet search engines and application marketplaces to drive traffic to its platform, certain providers of which offer products and services that compete directly with Tripadvisor’s. If Tripadvisor is unable to drive traffic cost-effectively, traffic to its platform could decline and its business would be negatively affected.  The number of consumers Tripadvisor attracts to its platform is due in large part to how and where information from, and links to, its platform are displayed on search engine results pages, or SERPs. The display, including rankings, of search results can be affected by a number of factors, many of which are not in Tripadvisor’s control. Search engines frequently change the logic that determines the placement and display of the results of a user’s search, such that the purchased or algorithmic placement of links to Tripadvisor’s platform can be negatively affected. A search engine could alter its search algorithms or results causing Tripadvisor’s websites to place lower in search query results. For example, Google, a significant source of traffic to Tripadvisor’s platform, frequently promotes its own competing products in its search results, which has negatively impacted placement of references to Tripadvisor and its platform on the SERP. If a major search engine changes its algorithms in a manner that negatively affects the search engine ranking of Tripadvisor’s websites or those of its travel partners, or if competitive dynamics impact the cost or effectiveness of Search Engine Optimization (“SEO”) or Search Engine Marketing (“SEM”) in a negative manner, Tripadvisor’s business and financial performance would be adversely affected. Furthermore, Tripadvisor’s failure to successfully manage its SEO and SEM strategies and/or other traffic acquisition strategies could result in a substantial decrease in traffic to Tripadvisor’s platform, as well as increased costs to the extent it replaces free traffic with paid traffic.

Tripadvisor also relies on application marketplaces, or app stores such as Apple’s App Store and Google’s Play, to drive downloads of its apps. In the future, Apple, Google or other marketplace operators may make changes that make access to Tripadvisor’s products more difficult or may limit Tripadvisor’s access to information that would restrict its ability to provide the best user experience. For example, Google has entered various aspects of the online travel market, including by establishing a flight metasearch product and hotel metasearch product as well as reservation functionality. Tripadvisor’s apps may receive unfavorable treatment compared to the promotion and placement of competing apps, such as the order in which they appear within marketplaces. In addition, Apple has announced new features that limit who has access to consumer data, including location information. Similarly, if problems arise in Tripadvisor’s relationships with providers of application marketplaces, traffic to Tripadvisor’s platform and its user growth could be harmed.

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Tripadvisor derives a substantial portion of its revenue from advertising and any significant reduction in spending by advertisers on its platform could harm its business. Tripadvisor’s ability to grow advertising revenue with its existing or new travel partners is dependent in large part on its ability to provide value to them relative to other alternatives. Tripadvisor’s ability to provide value to its travel partners depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the following:

Any of these or other factors could result in a reduction in demand for Tripadvisor’s ads, which may reduce the prices it receive for its ads, or cause marketers to stop advertising with Tripadvisor altogether, any of which would negatively affect its revenue and financial results.

Click-based advertising revenue accounts for the majority of Tripadvisor’s advertising revenue. Tripadvisor pricing for click-based advertising depends, in part, on competition between advertisers. If Tripadvisor’s large advertisers become less competitive with each other, merge with each other or with Tripadvisor’s competitors, focus more on per-click profit than on traffic volume, or are able to reduce CPCs, this could have an adverse impact on Tripadvisor’s advertising revenue which would, in turn, have an adverse effect on its business and financial results.

Tripadvisor relies on a relatively small number of significant travel partners and any reduction in spending by or loss of these partners could seriously harm its business. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Tripadvisor’s two most significant travel partners, Expedia and Booking (and their subsidiaries), accounted for a combined 35% of total revenue, with most of this revenue recorded within the Tripadvisor Core segment. If any of Tripadvisor’s significant travel partners were to cease or significantly curtail advertising on its platform, Tripadvisor could experience a rapid decline in its revenue over a relatively short period of time which would have a material impact on its business.

Tripadvisor’s business depends on strong brands and any failure to maintain, protect or enhance its brands could hurt its ability to retain and expand its base of consumers and partners, the frequency with which consumers utilize its products and services and its ability to attract partners. Tripadvisor’s ability to maintain and protect its brands depends, in part, on its ability to maintain consumer trust in its products and services and in the quality, integrity, reliability and usefulness of the content and other information found on its platform. If consumers do not view the content on Tripadvisor’s platform to be useful and reliable, they may seek other sources to obtain the information they are looking for and may not return to its platform as often or at all. Tripadvisor dedicates significant resources to protecting the quality of its content, primarily through its content guidelines, computer algorithms and human moderators that are focused on identifying and removing inappropriate, unreliable or deceptive content.

Media, legal, or regulatory scrutiny of Tripadvisor’s user content, advertising practices, and other issues may adversely affect its reputation and brand. Negative publicity about Tripadvisor, including its content, technology and business practices, could diminish its reputation and confidence in its brand, thereby negatively affecting the use of its products and its financial performance. For example, in the past, certain media outlets have alleged that Tripadvisor has improperly filtered or screened reviews, that it has not properly verified reviews, or that it manipulates reviews, ranking and ratings in favor of its advertisers. Tripadvisor expends significant resources to ensure the integrity of its reviews and to ensure that the most relevant reviews are available to its consumers; Tripadvisor does not establish rankings and ratings in favor of its advertisers. Regulatory inquiries or investigations require management time and attention and could result in further negative publicity, regardless of their merits or ultimate outcomes.

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In addition, unfavorable publicity regarding, for example, Tripadvisor’s practices relating to privacy and data protection could adversely affect its reputation with its consumers and its partners. Such negative publicity also could have an adverse effect on the size, engagement, and loyalty of Tripadvisor’s user base and result in decreased revenue.

If Tripadvisor is unable to offer compelling products and services on mobile devices or continue to operate effectively on these platforms, its business may be adversely affected. Widespread adoption of mobile devices has driven substantial online traffic and commerce to mobile platforms. Tripadvisor’s platform, when utilized on mobile phone devices, have historically monetized at a significantly lower rate than desktops and advertising opportunities are more limited on these devices. Additionally, consumer purchasing patterns differ on these devices. For example, accommodation reservations made on a mobile device are generally for shorter lengths of stay and are not made as far in advance. Tripadvisor expects that the ways in which consumers engage with its platform will continue to change as consumers increasingly engage via alternative devices.

It is important for Tripadvisor to develop and maintain effective platforms to drive adoption and user engagement by providing consumers with an appealing, easy-to-use experience. As new devices and platforms are continually being released, it is difficult to predict the problems Tripadvisor may encounter in adapting its products and services and it may need to devote significant resources to the creation, support and maintenance of competitive new products. If Tripadvisor is unable to continue to rapidly innovate and create appealing, user-friendly and differentiated offerings and efficiently and effectively advertise on these platforms, it could lose market share and its business, future growth and financial results could be adversely affected.

Tripadvisor’s success will also depend on the interoperability of its products with a range of technologies, systems, networks and standards and its ability to create, maintain and develop relationships with key participants in related industries, some of which may be its competitors. For example, Apple’s iPhone and Google’s Android are the leading smartphones in the world and Tripadvisor’s products need to synergistically function on their operating systems in order to create a positive user experience on those devices. Yet, Apple continues to announce and implement new privacy features that may limit the amount of information Tripadvisor can access about its users operating on the Apple iPhone operating system.

Tripadvisor may not be successful in developing products that operate effectively with these technologies, systems, networks and standards or in creating, maintaining and developing relationships with key participants in related industries. If Tripadvisor experiences difficulties or increased costs in integrating its products into alternative devices or if manufacturers do not include its products in their devices, make changes that degrade the functionality of its products, give preferential treatment to competitive products or prevent Tripadvisor from delivering advertising, its user growth and financial results may be harmed.

Any continued or future declines or disruptions in the economy and industries in which Tripadvisor operates could adversely affect Tripadvisor’s businesses, financial performance and the market price of Tripadvisor’s common stock and our common stock. Sales of travel and/or leisure products tend to decline or grow more slowly during economic downturns when consumers engage in less discretionary spending, are concerned about unemployment or economic weakness, have reduced access to credit or experience other concerns that reduce their ability or willingness to travel. The uncertainty of macro-economic factors and their impact on consumer behavior makes it more difficult to forecast industry and consumer trends and the timing and degree of their impact on Tripadvisor’s markets and business, which in turn could adversely affect its ability to effectively manage its business. Economic downturn and adverse market conditions may also negatively impact Tripadvisor’s partners, its partners’ access to capital, cost of capital and ability to meet liquidity needs.  These challenges faced in a prolonged economic downturn or deterioration in the travel industry could adversely impact Tripadvisor’s business, financial performance and share price. The extent and duration of such impacts remain largely uncertain and dependent on future developments that cannot be accurately predicted at this time.

The global economy may be adversely impacted by events beyond Tripadvisor’s control including actual or threatened terrorism, regional hostilities or instability, natural disasters, political instability and health concerns (including epidemics or pandemics), significant increases in energy costs, tightening of credit markets and declines in consumer confidence. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic had a material impact on the travel industry, Tripadvisor, and Tripadvisor’s financial performance. In addition, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, much of Tripadvisor’s work

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force began working remotely and continue to work remotely. Working remotely can give rise to cybersecurity issues, training and compliance issues, or create operational or other challenges as Tripadvisor adjusts to a fully-remote workforce, any of which could harm its business.

Tripadvisor operates in a competitive global environment and its failure to compete effectively could reduce its market share and harm its financial performance. Tripadvisor competes with different types of companies in the various markets and geographies where it operates, including large and small companies in the travel and leisure space as well as broader service providers.  Tripadvisor faces competition for content, consumers, advertisers, online travel search and price comparison services and online reservations. Tripadvisor competes globally with both online and offline, established and emerging, providers of travel, lodging, experiences and restaurant reservation and related services. Current and new competitors can launch new services at a relatively low cost. More specifically:

There has been a proliferation of new channels through which service providers can offer accommodations, experiences and restaurant reservations. Metasearch services may lower the cost for new companies to enter the market by providing a distribution channel without the cost of promoting the new entrant’s brand to drive consumers directly to its website. Some of Tripadvisor’s competitors offer a variety of online services and, in some cases, are willing to make little or no profit on a transaction, or offer travel services at a loss, in order to gain market share. Many of Tripadvisor’s competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources and have more expertise in developing online commerce and facilitating internet traffic as well as larger client bases. They also have the ability to leverage other aspects of their business to enable them to compete more effectively.

In addition, Google and other large, established companies with substantial resources and expertise have launched travel or travel-related search, metasearch and/or reservation booking services and may create additional inroads into online travel. Many of Tripadvisor’s competitors continue to expand their voice and artificial intelligence capabilities, which may provide them with a competitive advantage in travel.

Tripadvisor competes with certain companies that it also does business with, including certain of its travel partners and related parties. The consolidation of Tripadvisor’s competitors and travel partners may affect its relative competitiveness and its travel partner relationships. Competition and consolidation could result in higher traffic acquisition costs, reduced margins on its advertising services, loss of market share, reduced customer traffic to its platform and reduced advertising by travel companies on its platform.

Tripadvisor relies on information technology to operate its business and remain competitive, and any failure to adapt to technological developments or industry trends could harm its businesses. Tripadvisor’s future success depends on its ability to continuously improve and upgrade its systems and infrastructure to meet rapidly evolving consumer trends and demands while at the same time maintaining the reliability and integrity of its systems and infrastructure. Tripadvisor may not be able to maintain or replace its existing systems or introduce new technologies and systems as quickly as it would like or in a cost-effective manner. Tripadvisor may not be successful, or as successful as its competitors, in developing technologies and systems that operate effectively across multiple devices and platforms in a way that is appealing to its consumers. Tripadvisor’s future success will also depend on its ability to adapt to emerging technologies such as tokenization; new authentication technologies, such as biometrics, distributed ledger and blockchain

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technologies; new and emerging payment methods, such as Alipay, Paytm and WeChat Pay; artificial intelligence; virtual and augmented reality; and cloud technologies. The emergence of alternative or new devices and the emergence of niche competitors who may be able to optimize products, services or strategies for such platforms will require additional investment in technology. New developments in other areas could also make it easier for competitors to enter its markets due to lower up-front technology costs.

If Tripadvisor is unable to adapt to the evolving demands of its customers, it may not remain competitive, and its business and financial performance could suffer. Tripadvisor’s competitors are continually developing innovations in services and features. As a result, Tripadvisor is continually working to improve the user experience on its platform in order to engage its consumers and drive user traffic and conversion rates for its partners and provide its business partners with the tools they need to succeed. Tripadvisor has invested, and expects to continue to invest, significant resources in developing and marketing these innovations. Tripadvisor can give no assurances that the changes it makes will yield the benefits it expects and will not have unintended or adverse impacts. If Tripadvisor is unable to continue offering innovative products and services and quality features that customers want to use, existing customers may become dissatisfied and use competitors’ offerings and Tripadvisor may be unable to attract additional customers, which could adversely affect its business and financial performance.

Tripadvisor’s dedication to making the consumer experience its highest priority may cause it to prioritize rapid innovation and consumer experience over short-term financial results. Tripadvisor strives to create the best experience for its consumers. Tripadvisor believes that in doing so it will increase its traffic conversion (i.e., visitors converting into clicks and/or bookings), revenue and financial performance. Tripadvisor has taken actions in the past, and may continue to take actions in the future, that have the effect of reducing its short-term financial results if it believes the actions benefit the overall consumer experience. These decisions may not produce the long-term benefits Tripadvisor expects, new or enhanced products may fail to engage consumers and/or Tripadvisor may be unsuccessful in its efforts to monetize these initiatives, in which case its relationships with consumers and partners, and its business and financial performance could be harmed.

Tripadvisor is dependent upon the quality of traffic in its network to provide value to its partners, and any failure in its ability to deliver quality traffic and/or the metrics to demonstrate the value of the traffic could have a material and adverse impact on the value of its platform to its partners and adversely affect its revenue. Tripadvisor uses technology and processes to monitor the quality of the internet traffic that it delivers to its partners and has identified metrics to demonstrate the quality of that traffic and identify low quality clicks such as non-human processes, including robots, spiders, the mechanical automation of clicking and other types of invalid clicks or click fraud. Even with such monitoring in place, there is a risk that a certain amount of low-quality traffic will be delivered to such online advertisers. Such low-quality or invalid traffic may be detrimental to Tripadvisor’s relationships with partners and could adversely affect its advertising pricing and revenue.

Tripadvisor relies on assumptions and estimates and data to calculate certain of its key metrics, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm its reputation and negatively affect its business. Certain metrics are key to Tripadvisor’s business; as both the industry in which it operates and its businesses continue to evolve, so too might the metrics by which it evaluates its businesses. While the calculation of the metrics Tripadvisor uses is based on what it believes to be reasonable estimates, its internal tools are not independently verified by a third-party and have a number of limitations; furthermore, its methodologies for tracking these metrics may change over time. For example, a single person may have multiple accounts or browse the internet on multiple browsers or devices, some consumers may restrict Tripadvisor’s ability to accurately identify them across visits, some mobile apps automatically contact its servers for regular updates with no user action, and Tripadvisor is not always able to capture user information on its platform. As such, the calculations of its unique users may not accurately reflect the number of people actually visiting its platform. If the internal tools Tripadvisor uses to track these metrics under-count or over-count performance or contain algorithm or other technical errors, the data it reports may not be accurate.  Tripadvisor continues to improve upon its tools and methodologies to capture data; however, the improvement of its tools and methodologies could cause inconsistency between current data and previously reported data, which could confuse investors or lead to questions about the integrity of its data. Finally, Tripadvisor may, in the future, identify new or other metrics that enable it to more accurately evaluate its business. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on these metrics.

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Tripadvisor’s future success depends on the performance of its key employees and its ability to attract and retain senior management and highly skilled personnel. In particular, Tripadvisor is highly dependent on the services of its leadership team for the development of and execution on its vision and strategy. In 2022, Tripadvisor made several changes to its senior management team, including those serving as Chief Executive Officer and President; and Chief Financial Officer and adding several senior leaders. Tripadvisor’s future performance will depend, in part, on the successful integration of these new senior level executives into their roles. If Tripadvisor does not successfully manage these additions, it could be viewed negatively by its investors, employees, and partners, and could have an adverse impact on its business and results of operations. Tripadvisor also heavily relies on the continued service and performance of its senior management team, which provides leadership, contributes to the core areas of Tripadvisor’s business and helps it to efficiently execute on mission, vision and strategic initiatives. If Tripadvisor is unable to retain members of its senior management team, including its executive leadership, Tripadvisor may not be able to manage its business effectively and, as a result, its business and operating results could be harmed. If the senior management team fails to work together effectively and to execute its plans and strategies on a timely basis, then its business and future growth prospects could be harmed.

The success of Tripadvisor’s operations and the quality of its services are also highly dependent on its ability to attract and retain skilled personnel. For employees, Tripadvisor competes with companies that have far greater financial resources than it does as well as companies that promise short-term growth opportunities and/or other benefits. If Tripadvisor does not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees or retaining or motivating existing employees, its business would be adversely affected.

Acquisitions, investments, significant commercial arrangements and/or new business strategies could present new challenges and risks and disrupt its ongoing business. Tripadvisor has acquired, invested in and/or entered into significant commercial arrangements with a number of businesses in the past and its future growth may depend, in part, on future acquisitions, investments, commercial arrangements and/or changes in business strategies. Such endeavors may involve significant risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the following:

Tripadvisor has in the past invested, and may in the future invest, in privately-held companies. Such investments are inherently risky and its ability to liquidate any such investments is typically difficult. Valuations of such privately-held companies are inherently complex and uncertain due to the lack of liquid market for the companies’ securities. Tripadvisor cannot assure you that these investments will be successful or that such endeavors will result in the realization of the synergies, cost savings and innovation that may be possible within a reasonable period of time, if at all. Tripadvisor could lose the full amount of its investments; any impairment of its investments could have a material adverse effect on its financial results.

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Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters

Tripadvisor is a global company that operates in many different jurisdictions inside and outside the U.S. and these operations expose Tripadvisor to additional risks. Many regions have different economic conditions, languages, currencies, legislation, regulatory environments, levels of political stability, levels of consumer expectations, and use of the internet for commerce. Tripadvisor is subject to risks typical of global businesses, including, but not limited to, the following:

Tripadvisor’s strategy includes continued expansion in existing markets and potentially new markets. In addition to the risks mentioned above, international markets have strong local competitors with established brands and travel service providers or relationships that may make expansion in certain markets difficult and costly and take more time than anticipated. In some markets, legal and other regulatory requirements may prohibit or limit participation by foreign businesses, such as by making foreign ownership or management of internet or travel-related businesses illegal or difficult or may make direct participation in those markets uneconomic, which could make Tripadvisor’s entry or expansion in those markets difficult or impossible, require that it work with a local partner or result in higher operating costs. If Tripadvisor is unsuccessful in expanding in existing and potentially new markets and effectively managing that expansion, its business and financial results could be adversely affected.

Tripadvisor is regularly subject to claims, lawsuits, government investigations, and other proceedings which may result in adverse outcomes and, regardless of the outcome, result in legal costs, diversion of management resources, injunctions or damage awards, and other negative results. It is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in substantial damages, fines or penalties that could adversely affect Tripadvisor’s business, financial results or financial position. These proceedings could also result in reputational harm, criminal sanctions or consent decrees, the release of confidential information or orders preventing Tripadvisor from offering certain features, functionalities, products, or services, requiring a change in its business practices. Any of these consequences could adversely affect Tripadvisor’s business and financial results.

A failure to comply with existing or new laws, rules and regulations or changes to such laws, rules and regulations and other legal uncertainties may adversely affect Tripadvisor’s business or financial results. Tripadvisor’s business and financial results could be adversely affected by unfavorable changes in or interpretations of existing laws, rules and regulations or the promulgation of new laws, rules and regulations applicable to Tripadvisor and its business, including, but not limited to, those relating to internet and online commerce, internet advertising, consumer protection, intermediary liability and data security and privacy. These laws continue to evolve. For example, there is, and will likely continue to be, an increasing number of laws and regulations pertaining to internet and online commerce and liability for information retrieved from or transmitted over the internet, online editorial and user-generated content, user privacy, behavioral targeting and online advertising and liability for third-party activities. Likewise, the SEC, DOJ and OFAC, as well as foreign regulatory authorities, have continued to increase the enforcement of economic sanctions and trade regulations, anti-money laundering, and anti-corruption laws, across industries. Operating in this dynamic regulatory environment requires significant management attention and financial resources. As regulations continue to evolve and regulatory oversight continues to increase, Tripadvisor cannot guarantee that its programs and policies will be deemed compliant by all applicable regulatory authorities. The failure of Tripadvisor’s businesses to comply with these laws and

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regulations could result in fines and/or proceedings against us by governmental agencies, regulatory authorities, courts and/or consumers, which, if material, could adversely affect Tripadvisor’s business and financial results.

The promulgation of new laws, rules and regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws, rules and regulations, could require Tripadvisor to change certain aspects of its business, operations and relationships to ensure compliance, which could decrease demand for services, reduce revenue, increase costs and/or subject Tripadvisor to additional liabilities. For example, many jurisdictions have adopted, and many jurisdictions are considering adopting, privacy rights and consumer protections for their residents, which legislation will continue to change the landscape for the use and protection of data and could increase the cost and complexity of delivering Tripadvisor’s services. Unfavorable changes could limit marketing methods and capabilities, decrease demand for products and services, impede development of new products, require significant management time, increase costs and/or subject us to additional liabilities. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in penalties, criminal sanctions and/or negative publicity against Tripadvisor, its officers or its employees and/or restrictions on the conduct of its business.  

Tripadvisor faces risks related to its intellectual property. Tripadvisor relies on content, brands and technology, much of which is proprietary. Tripadvisor protects its content, brands and technology by, among other things, a combination of maintenance and enforcement of registered and unregistered intellectual property rights (e.g. trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets), technological solutions and contractual protections. Even with these precautions, it may be possible for another party to copy or otherwise obtain and use its intellectual property, without authorization or to independently develop similar content, brands or technology. Any misappropriation or violation of Tripadvisor’s rights could have a material adverse effect on its business.

Effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every jurisdiction in which Tripadvisor’s platform or services are made available and policing unauthorized use of Tripadvisor’s intellectual property is difficult and expensive. Therefore, in certain jurisdictions, Tripadvisor may be unable to adequately protect its intellectual property against unauthorized third-party copying or use. Tripadvisor cannot be sure that the steps it has taken will prevent misappropriation or infringement of its intellectual property. Furthermore, Tripadvisor may need to go to court or other tribunals in order to enforce its rights or scope of the proprietary rights of others. These proceedings might result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention and Tripadvisor cannot accurately predict the likelihood of success in such proceedings. Tripadvisor’s failure to protect its intellectual property in an effective manner could have a material adverse effect on its business.

Tripadvisor currently licenses some of the intellectual property displayed on its platform from third parties. As Tripadvisor continues to introduce new services that incorporate new intellectual property, it may be required or elect to license additional intellectual property. Tripadvisor cannot be sure that such licenses will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

From time to time, in the ordinary course of Tripadvisor’s business, it has been subject to, and is currently subject to, legal proceedings and claims relating to third-party intellectual property rights, and Tripadvisor expects that third-parties will continue to assert intellectual property claims against it, particularly as it expands the complexity and scope of its platform and services. Successful intellectual property claims against Tripadvisor could result in significant monetary liability or prevent it from operating its business, or portions of its business, or require it to change business practices or develop non-infringing intellectual property, which could require significant effort and expense. In addition, resolution of claims may require Tripadvisor to obtain releases or licenses to use intellectual property rights belonging to third-parties, which may be expensive to procure, or possibly to cease using those rights altogether. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Data Security and Privacy

Tripadvisor’s processing, storage and use of personal information and other data subjects it to additional laws and regulations. Failure to comply with those laws and regulations could give rise to liabilities. The security of data when engaging in electronic commerce is essential to maintaining consumer and service provider confidence in Tripadvisor’s services. Tripadvisor is subject to a variety of laws in the U.S. and abroad regarding privacy and the storing, sharing, use, processing, disclosure and protection of personal information, the scope of which are changing, subject to

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differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent between countries or conflict with other existing laws. The regulatory framework for privacy issues worldwide is currently in flux and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. In addition, practices regarding the collection, use, storage, transmission and security of personal information by companies operating over the internet have recently come under increased public scrutiny.  

Implementing and complying with these laws and regulations may be more costly or take longer than Tripadvisor anticipates, or could otherwise affect its operations. Any failure or perceived failure by Tripadvisor to comply with its privacy and information security policies, privacy-related obligations to consumers or other third parties, or privacy-related legal obligations, may result in litigation or governmental enforcement actions that could harm its reputation and cause its consumers and partners to lose trust in Tripadvisor, any of which could have an adverse effect on its business, brand, market share and financial results.

Tripadvisor is subject to risks associated with processing credit card and other payment transactions and failure to manage those risks may subject it to fines, penalties and/or additional costs and could have a negative impact on its business. Tripadvisor accepts payments from consumers and its business partners using a variety of methods, including credit, debit and invoicing. Tripadvisor is susceptible to fraudulent activity and cybercrime generally and with respect to this payment facilitation activity. Tripadvisor relies on third parties to provide certain payment methods and payment processing services and its business could be disrupted if these companies become unwilling or unable to provide these services to it. Tripadvisor is subject to laws, regulations and compliance requirements relating to payments, international money transfers, privacy and information security and money laundering, including obligations to implement enhanced authentication processes. Tripadvisor is also subject to payment card association operating rules, including data security rules, certification requirements, and rules governing electronic funds transfers, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for Tripadvisor to comply. These laws, regulations and/or requirements result in significant costs. If Tripadvisor fails to comply or if its data security systems are breached or compromised, Tripadvisor may be liable for card issuing banks’ costs, subject to fines, penalties and higher transaction fees, and/or lose its ability to accept credit and debit card payments, process electronic funds transfers, or facilitate other types of online payments. In addition, for certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, Tripadvisor pays interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise its operating costs and lower profitability.

Additionally, Tripadvisor’s marketplace activities in the U.K. and Europe require it to obtain or operate under a payment institution license under the Payment Services Directive Two (“PSD2”). PSD2 requires a license to perform certain defined “payment services” in a European Economic Area (“EEA”) member state. Conditions for obtaining and complying with the license include minimum capital requirements, establishment of procedures for safeguarding funds, and certain governance and reporting requirements. Certain obligations relating to internal controls and the conduct of business, in particular, consumer disclosure requirements and certain rules regarding the timing and settlement of payments, must be met. Tripadvisor has obtained a payment institution license in the U.K. As a result of Brexit, it is no longer able to passport its U.K. license to the EEA. Although work on Tripadvisor’s E.U. application is underway and Tripadvisor anticipates submitting its application in the first half of 2023, it may not receive the E.U. license on a timely basis if at all.

It is possible that Tripadvisor could become subject to regulatory enforcement or other proceedings in those states or other jurisdictions with money transmission, or other similar statutes or regulatory requirements, including an EEA member state, related to the handling or moving of money, which could in turn have a significant impact on its business, even if it were to ultimately prevail in such proceedings. If Tripadvisor is ultimately deemed to be in violation of one or more money transmitter or other similar statutes or regulatory requirements related to the handling or moving of money in the U.S., the EEA or other jurisdictions, Tripadvisor may be subject to the imposition of fines or restrictions on its business, its ability to offer some or all of its services in the relevant jurisdiction may be suspended, and it may be subject to civil or criminal liability and its business, results of operations and financial position could be materially adversely affected.

System security issues, data protection breaches, cyberattacks and system outage issues could disrupt Tripadvisor’s operations or services provided to its consumers, and any such disruption could damage its reputation and adversely affect its business, financial results and share price. Tripadvisor’s reputation and ability to attract, retain and service its consumers and partners is dependent upon the reliable performance and security of its computer systems and those of third-parties Tripadvisor utilizes in its operations. Significant security issues, data breaches, cyberattacks and

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outages, interruptions or delays, in Tripadvisor’s systems or third-party systems upon which it relies, could impair Tripadvisor’s ability to display content or process transactions and significantly harm its business. Breaches of Tripadvisor’s security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data about Tripadvisor, its consumers or its partners, could expose Tripadvisor, its consumers and partners to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, damage its brand and reputation or otherwise harm its business and financial performance and could result in government enforcement actions and litigation and potential liability for Tripadvisor. The costs of enhancing infrastructure to attain improved stability and redundancy may be time consuming and expensive and may require resources and expertise that are difficult to obtain. In addition, to the extent that Tripadvisor does experience a data breach, remediation may be costly and it may not have adequate insurance to cover such costs.

Computer programmers and hackers also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms, ransomware and other malicious software programs that attack Tripadvisor’s products or otherwise exploit any vulnerabilities in its systems, or attempt to fraudulently induce its employees, consumers, or others to disclose passwords or other sensitive information or unwittingly provide access to its systems or data. In addition, sophisticated hardware and operating system software and applications that Tripadvisor produces or procures from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture, including “bugs” and other problems that could unexpectedly interfere with the operation of the system. Tripadvisor may need to expend significant resources to protect against security breaches or to investigate and address problems caused by cyber or other security problems. Failure to adequately protect against attacks or intrusions, whether for Tripadvisor’s own systems or systems of vendors, could expose it to security breaches that could have an adverse impact on its financial performance.

Much of Tripadvisor’s business is conducted with third-party partners and vendors. A security breach at such third-party could be perceived by consumers as a security breach of its systems and could result in negative publicity or reputational damage, expose it to risk of loss or litigation and subject it to regulatory penalties and sanctions. In addition, such incidents may also result in a decline in Tripadvisor’s user base and client base or engagement levels.

Media coverage of data breaches and public exposure of consumer data rights has increased, in part because of the rise of enforcement actions, investigations and lawsuits. Similarly, the increase in privacy activist groups is likely to give rise to further scrutiny, investigative actions and publicity. Security breaches could result in negative publicity, damage to reputation, exposure to risk of loss and possible liability due to regulatory penalties and sanctions. As this focus and attention on privacy and data protection increases, Tripadvisor also risks exposure to potential liabilities and costs resulting from the compliance with, or any failure to comply with, applicable legal requirements, conflicts among these legal requirements or differences in approaches to privacy and security. Security breaches could also cause travelers and consumers to lose confidence in Tripadvisor’s data security, which would have a negative effect on the value of its brand.

Evolving regulations, guidance and practices on the use of "cookies" and similar tracking technologies could negatively impact the way Tripadvisor does business. Cookies and similar technologies are common tools used by websites and apps, including Tripadvisor’s, to store or gather information, improve site security, improve and personalize the customer experience, market to consumers and increase conversion. Companies such as Apple and Google have introduced new policies governing developers’ use of cookies and similar tracking technologies, including enhanced disclosure and opt in requirements. Similarly, many states and countries have adopted data protection laws and regulations governing the use of cookies and other similar tracking technologies by websites and app developers. Such regulations could limit Tripadvisor’s ability to serve certain customers in the manner it currently does, including with respect to retargeting or personalized advertising, impair its ability to improve and optimize performance on its platform, negatively affect a consumer's experience using its platform, which, in turn, could negatively impact its business. Equally, privacy has been the impetus behind a move towards a cookie-less online ecosystem which poses a potential risk to its online behavioral advertising strategy.

Risks Related to Financial Matters

Tripadvisor’s financial results are difficult to forecast; they have fluctuated in the past and will likely fluctuate in the future. Tripadvisor’s financial results in any given quarter can be influenced by numerous factors, many of which it is unable to predict or are outside of its control, including:

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As a result, you should not rely upon Tripadvisor’s quarterly financial results as indicators of future performance.

Tripadvisor has indebtedness which could adversely affect its business and financial condition. With respect to the 2025 Senior Notes and 2026 Convertible Senior Notes (as defined in note 5 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements), Tripadvisor is subject to risks relating to its existing or potential indebtedness that include:

Failure to comply with the various covenants contained in Tripadvisor’s Credit Agreement and the 2025 Indenture could have a material adverse effect on its business. The various covenants contained in the Credit Agreement and 2025 Indenture (as defined in note 5 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements) include those that limit Tripadvisor’s ability to, among other things:

These covenants may limit Tripadvisor’s ability to optimally operate its business. Any failure to comply with the restrictions of the Credit Facility or the 2025 Senior Notes and 2026 Convertible Senior Notes may result in an event of default under the agreements governing such debt instruments and such default may allow the creditors to accelerate the debt incurred thereunder. In addition, lenders under the Credit Facility may be able to terminate any commitments they had made to supply Tripadvisor with further funds.

Tripadvisor is subject to risks relating to its 2026 Convertible Senior Notes. If any of the conditions to the conversion of the 2026 Convertible Senior Notes is satisfied, then Tripadvisor may be required under applicable accounting

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standards to reclassify the liability carrying value of the 2026 Convertible Senior Notes as a current, rather than a long-term, liability thereby materially reducing its reported working capital. This reclassification could be required even if no noteholders exchange their 2026 Convertible Senior Notes.

Holders of the 2026 Convertible Senior Notes may convert the 2026 Convertible Senior Notes after the occurrence of certain dates or events. Settlement of the 2026 Convertible Senior Notes could adversely affect Tripadvisor’s liquidity.

Tripadvisor is subject to risks relating to the Capped Calls. In connection with the issuance of the 2026 Convertible Senior Notes, Tripadvisor entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “Capped Calls”) to reduce potential dilution to its common stock and/or offset cash payments Tripadvisor must make in excess of the principal amount, in each case, upon any conversion of the 2026 Convertible Senior Notes, with such offset subject to a cap. Tripadvisor is subject to the risk that one or more of the hedge counterparties may default under the Capped Calls. If any of the hedge counterparties become subject to insolvency proceedings, Tripadvisor will become an unsecured creditor with a claim equal to its exposure at that time under its transactions with such counterparties. Tripadvisor’s exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, the increase in its exposure will be correlated to the increase in the market price and in the volatility of Tripadvisor’s common stock. In addition, upon a default by a hedge counterparty, Tripadvisor may suffer adverse tax consequences and more dilution than it currently anticipates with respect to its common stock.

Tripadvisor may have future capital needs and may not be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms. Pursuant to the Credit Facility, Tripadvisor agreed to pledge substantially all of its assets, including the equity interests of its subsidiaries. This agreement also includes restrictive covenants that may limit its ability to secure additional financing in the future on favorable terms, if at all. Tripadvisor’s ability to secure additional financing will also depend upon its future operating performance, which is subject to then prevailing general economic and credit market conditions, and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond its control.

Risks Related to Tax Matters

Tripadvisor’s effective income tax rate is impacted by a number of factors that could have a material impact on its financial results and could increase the volatility of those results. Due to the global nature of Tripadvisor’s business, it is subject to income taxes in the U.S. and other foreign jurisdictions. In the event Tripadvisor incurs taxable income in certain jurisdictions but incurs losses in other jurisdictions, it generally cannot offset the income from one jurisdiction with the loss from another. This lack of flexibility could affect its effective income tax rate. Furthermore, significant judgment is required to calculate its worldwide provision for income taxes and depends on its ability to operate its business in a manner consistent with its corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. In the ordinary course of Tripadvisor’s business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain.

Tripadvisor’s future income tax rates could be affected by a number of matters outside of its control, including but not limited to changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets or accounting for share-based compensation.  If Tripadvisor’s effective income tax rates were to increase, its financial results and cash flows would be adversely affected.

Application of U.S. state and local or international tax laws, changes in tax laws or tax rulings, or the examination of Tripadvisor’s tax positions, could materially affect its financial position and results of operations. As an international business, Tripadvisor is subject to income taxes and non-income-based taxes in the U.S. and various other international jurisdictions. Tax laws are subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the laws are issued or applied. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates and tax regimes may be subject to significant change and the tax benefits that Tripadvisor intends to eventually derive could be undermined due to changing tax laws. Governments are increasingly focused on ways to increase tax revenue, which has contributed to more aggressive positions taken by tax authorities and an increase in tax legislation. Any such additional taxes or other assessments may be in excess of Tripadvisor’s current tax provisions or may require it to modify its business practices in order to reduce its exposure to additional taxes going forward, any of which could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations and

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financial condition. Any changes to international tax laws or any additional reporting requirements may increase the complexity and costs associated with tax compliance and adversely affect its cash flows and results of operations.

Over the last several years, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) has been working on a Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project to address the tax challenges arising from digitalization. The OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework has issued various guidelines, policy notes, and proposals that if adopted could result in an overhaul of the international taxation system under which our current tax obligations are determined. In October 2021, more than 130 countries tentatively signed on to a framework, which calls for a minimum tax rate on corporations of 15% and a reallocation of profits from the largest and most profitable businesses to countries where they make sales. The proposed framework, once enacted, envisages new international tax rules and the removal of all digital services taxes. As this framework is subject to further negotiation and implementation by each member country, the timing and ultimate impact of any such changes on our tax obligations is uncertain. As the OECD/G20 continues to drive toward a consensus framework, several countries which have previously enacted unilateral digital services tax initiatives, such as France, Italy, Spain, and the U.K., will continue to impose these revenue-based taxes until implementation of the consensus framework. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, Tripadvisor recorded $9 million, $1 million and $2 million, respectively, of digital service tax to general and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

Tripadvisor is routinely under audit by federal, state and foreign taxing authorities. The ultimate outcome of these examinations (including the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) audit described below) cannot be predicted with certainty but could be materially different from its income tax provisions and accruals and could have a material effect on its results of operations or cash flows in the period or periods for which that determination is made. Should the IRS or other taxing authorities assess additional taxes as a result of examinations, Tripadvisor may be required to record charges to its results of operations, which could harm its operating results and financial condition. 

Changes in the tax treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce may adversely affect the commercial use of Tripadvisor’s platform and its financial results. Tax authorities at the international, federal, state and local levels are currently reviewing the appropriate treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce and it is possible that various jurisdictions may attempt to levy additional or new sales, income or other taxes relating to its activities. For example, Congress is considering various approaches to legislation that would require companies engaged in e-commerce to collect sales tax on internet revenue and a growing number of U.S. states and certain foreign jurisdictions have adopted or are considering proposals to impose obligations on remote sellers and online marketplaces to collect taxes on their behalf. Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in South Dakota v. Wayfair Inc., in which a Court reversed longstanding precedent that remote sellers are not required to collect state and local sales taxes, may have an adverse impact on Tripadvisor’s business. Also, as described in more detail above, certain U.S. states and countries in which Tripadvisor does business have enacted or proposed digital services tax initiatives. New or revised international, federal, state or local tax regulations or court decisions may subject Tripadvisor or its customers to additional sales, occupancy, income and other taxes. Tripadvisor cannot predict the effect of these and other attempts to impose sales, income or other taxes on e-commerce; however, new or revised taxes and, in particular, sales taxes, occupancy taxes, value added taxes (“VAT”), and similar taxes would likely increase the cost of doing business online and decrease the attractiveness of selling products and services over the internet. New taxes could also create significant increases in internal costs necessary to capture data and collect and remit taxes. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on Tripadvisor’s business, financial results and financial condition.

Taxing authorities may successfully assert that Tripadvisor should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, occupancy, VAT or similar taxes, and Tripadvisor could be subject to liability with respect to past or future sales, which could adversely affect its operating results. Tripadvisor does not collect and remit sales and use, occupancy, VAT or similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which it has sales, based on its belief that such taxes are not applicable or legally required. Several states and other taxing jurisdictions have presented or threatened Tripadvisor with assessments, alleging that it is required to collect and remit certain taxes there. While Tripadvisor does not believe that it is subject to such taxes and intends to vigorously defend its position in these cases, it cannot be sure of the outcome of its discussions and/or appeals with these states. In the event of an adverse outcome, Tripadvisor could face assessments, plus any additional interest and penalties. Tripadvisor also expects additional jurisdictions may make similar assessments or pass similar new laws in the future, and any of the jurisdictions where Tripadvisor has sales may apply more rigorous enforcement efforts or take more aggressive positions in the future that could result in greater tax liability allegations. Such

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tax assessments, penalties and interest or future requirements may materially adversely affect Tripadvisor’s business, financial condition and operating results.

Tripadvisor continues to be subject to significant potential tax liabilities in connection with its spin-off from Expedia (the “Spin-Off”). Under the tax sharing agreement between Tripadvisor and Expedia entered into in connection with the Spin-Off, Tripadvisor is generally required to indemnify Expedia for any taxes resulting from the Spin-Off (and any related interest, penalties, legal and professional fees, and all costs and damages associated with related stockholder litigation or controversies). Tripadvisor continues to be responsible for potential tax liabilities in connection with consolidated income tax returns filed with Expedia prior to or in connection with the Spin-Off. By virtue of previously filed consolidated tax returns with Expedia, Tripadvisor is currently under IRS audit for the 2009, 2010, and short-period 2011 tax years and, in connection with that audit, has received Notices of Proposed Adjustment from the IRS which would result in an increase in its worldwide income tax expense. Tripadvisor has requested competent authority assistance under the Mutual Agreement Procedure (“MAP”) for tax years 2009 through 2011. The outcome of these matters or any other audits could subject Tripadvisor to significant tax liabilities. In January 2023, Tripadvisor received a final notice regarding a MAP settlement for the 2009 through 2011 tax years, which Tripadvisor accepted in February 2023. In the first quarter of 2023, Tripadvisor will record additional tax expense as a discrete item, inclusive of interest, in an estimated range of $25 million to $35 million specifically related to this settlement.

Tripadvisor faces risks associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As a result, Tripadvisor faces exposure to movements in foreign currency exchange rates including, but not limited to, re-measurement of gains and losses from changes in the value of foreign denominated assets and liabilities; translation gains and losses on foreign subsidiary financial results that are translated into U.S. dollars upon consolidation; and planning risk related to changes in exchange rates between the time it prepares its annual and quarterly forecasts and when actual results occur. For example, in the event that one or more European countries were to replace the Euro with another currency, Tripadvisor’s sales into such countries, or into Europe generally, would likely be adversely affected until stable exchange rates are established. Accordingly, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, such as the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro or the British pound, could adversely affect Tripadvisor’s revenue growth in future periods.

In the event of severe volatility in exchange rates, the impact of these exposures can increase and the impact on results of operations can be more pronounced. In addition, the current environment and the increasingly global nature of Tripadvisor’s business have made hedging these exposures more complex. Tripadvisor hedges certain short-term foreign currency exposures with the purchase of forward exchange contracts. These forward exchange contracts only help mitigate the impact of changes in foreign currency rates that occur during the term of the related contract period and carry risks of counter-party failure. There can be no assurance that Tripadvisor’s forward exchange contracts will have their intended effects.

Risk Factors Relating to our Common Stock and the Securities Market

Our stock price may be disproportionately affected by the results of operations of Tripadvisor and developments in its business. The fair value of our investment in Tripadvisor, on an as-converted basis, was $526 million as of December 31, 2022, which represents a significant portion of our total market value. Since our common stock began trading in 2014, the share price of our Series A common stock has had a tendency to move in tandem with the share price of Tripadvisor's common stock. As a result, our Series A common stock price may be disproportionately affected by the results of operations of Tripadvisor and developments in its business.

It may be difficult for a third-party to acquire us, even if doing so may be beneficial to our stockholders. Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company that a stockholder may consider favorable. These provisions include the following:

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Additionally, certain provisions of the Investment Agreement may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company that a stockholder may consider favorable.  In particular, if our board of directors approves the initiation of a sale process to effect a change in control of our company or the entry into negotiations with a third-party for a change in control, and, at such time, Certares beneficially owns a number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock with an aggregate liquidation value equal to at least the Threshold Amount, the Investment Agreement requires us to provide notice of such intent to Certares, designate a nationally recognized investment bank to act as financial advisor, and provide Certares the opportunity to participate as a potential buyer. In addition, if Certares owns a number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock with an aggregate liquidation value equal to at least the Threshold Amount, subject to certain exceptions, Certares is entitled to certain rights to match offers consisting of at least 90% of cash consideration to acquire us or our Series B common stock owned by Gregory B. Maffei, our Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer, as the case may be.

Further, Mr. Maffei beneficially owns shares representing the power to direct approximately 43% of the aggregate voting power in our company, due to his beneficial ownership of approximately 98% of the outstanding shares of our Series B common stock as of January 31, 2023.

Holders of a single series of our common stock may not have any remedies if an action by our directors has an adverse effect on only that series of our common stock.  Principles of Delaware law and the provisions of our certificate of incorporation may protect decisions of our board of directors that have a disparate impact upon holders of any single series of our common stock. Under Delaware law, the board of directors has a duty to act with due care and in the best interests of all of our stockholders, including the holders of all series of our common stock. Principles of Delaware law established in cases involving differing treatment of multiple classes or series of stock provide that a board of directors owes an equal duty to all common stockholders regardless of class or series and does not have separate or additional duties to any group of stockholders. As a result, in some circumstances, our directors may be required to make a decision that is viewed as adverse to the holders of one series of our common stock. Under the principles of Delaware law and the business judgment rule, holders may not be able to successfully challenge decisions that they believe have a disparate impact upon the holders of one series of our stock if our board of directors is disinterested and independent with respect to the action taken, is adequately informed with respect to the action taken and acts in good faith and in the honest belief that the board is acting in the best interest of all of our stockholders.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties.

In connection with the TripCo Spin-Off, a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Media entered into a facilities sharing agreement with TripCo, pursuant to which TripCo shares office facilities with Liberty Media and related amenities at Liberty Media’s corporate headquarters located at 12300 Liberty Boulevard, Englewood, Colorado.

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As of December 31, 2022, Tripadvisor does not own any real estate. Tripadvisor leases approximately 280,000 square feet of office space for its corporate headquarters in Needham, Massachusetts. Tripadvisor’s headquarters lease has an expiration date of December 2030, with an option to extend the lease term for two consecutive terms of five years each. Tripadvisor also leases an aggregate of approximately 400,000 square feet of office space at approximately 30 locations across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and South America, primarily used for sales offices, subsidiary headquarters and for international operations, pursuant to leases with various expiration dates. Tripadvisor believes that its current facilities are adequate for its current operations and that additional leased space can be obtained on reasonable terms if needed.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Refer to note 12 in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for information on our legal proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our Series A and Series B common stock trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “LTRPA” and “LTRPB,” respectively. Stock price information for securities traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market can be found on the Nasdaq’s website at www.nasdaq.com. The following table sets forth the range of high and low sales prices of shares of our Series B common stock for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Although our Series B common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, an established published trading market does not exist for the stock, as it is not actively traded.

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Holders

As of January 31, 2023, there were approximately 745 and 40 record holders of our Series A and Series B common stock, respectively.  The foregoing numbers of record holders do not include the number of stockholders whose shares are held nominally by banks, brokerage houses or other institutions, but include each such institution as one shareholder.

Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock, and we have no present intention of so doing.  Payment of cash dividends, if any, in the future will be determined by our board of directors in light of our earnings, financial condition and other relevant considerations.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of stockholders.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

There were no repurchases of our common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2022. No shares of our Series A common stock were surrendered by our officers and employees to pay withholding taxes and other deductions in connection with the vesting of their restricted stock during the three months ended December 31, 2022.

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Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis provides information concerning our results of operations and financial condition. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.

Overview

Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings, Inc. (“TripCo” or the “Company”) holds an approximate 21% economic interest and 56% voting interest in its subsidiary Tripadvisor, Inc. (“Tripadvisor”) as of December 31, 2022.  

The financial information represents the historical consolidated results of TripCo and its subsidiaries as discussed in note 1 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. In the following discussion, TripCo and its subsidiaries are referred to as “TripCo,” “the Company,” “us,” “we” and “our”. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

Our “Corporate” category includes corporate expenses.

Tripadvisor’s stock price declined in March 2020, which triggered the mandatory prepayment of TripCo’s Margin Loan (as defined in note 5 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements). In order to repay the Margin Loan, TripCo and Gregory B. Maffei entered into an Investment Agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with Certares Holdings LLC, Certares Holdings (Blockable) LLC and Certares Holdings (Optional) LLC with respect to an investment in TripCo’s newly-created 8% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) which was later assigned to Certares LTRIP LLC (“Certares” or the “Purchaser”). Pursuant to the assigned Investment Agreement, on March 26, 2020, TripCo issued 325,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock to Certares for a purchase price of $1,000 per share (see note 8 in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements). On March 29, 2021 and April 6, 2021, TripCo repurchased a portion of the Series A Preferred Stock. See further discussion about the Series A Preferred Stock in note 8 to the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements).  

Strategies and Challenges

Results for TripCo are largely dependent upon the operating performance of Tripadvisor. Therefore, the executive summary below contains the strategies and challenges of Tripadvisor for an understanding of the business objectives of Tripadvisor.

Tripadvisor operates in a unique position in the travel and experiences ecosystem:

Tripadvisor is united in a shared purpose and vision, but operates different value creation strategies for each segment. Tripadvisor manages priorities and levels of investment based upon factors that include the size and maturity of each segment, the size and maturity of the addressable market, growth opportunities, and competitive positioning, among other factors.

In the Tripadvisor Core segment, Tripadvisor offers a compelling value proposition to both travelers and partners across a number of key categories that include accommodations, experiences, and media, among other categories. This

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value proposition is delivered through a collection of durable assets that Tripadvisor believes is difficult to replicate: a trusted brand, authentic user generated content, a large community of contributors, and one of the largest global travel audiences.  Tripadvisor’s strategy in this segment is to leverage these core assets as well as its technology capabilities to provide travelers with a compelling user experience that helps travelers make the best decisions in each phase of their travel journey, including pre-trip planning, in-destination, and post-trip sharing. Tripadvisor intends to drive new traveler acquisition and repeat audience engagement on its platform by offering meaningful travel guidance solutions and services that reduce friction in the traveler journey and create a deeper, more persistent relationship with travelers.  Tripadvisor evaluates investment opportunities across data, product, marketing, and technology that it believes will improve the monetization of its audience through deeper engagement, which, in turn, Tripadvisor expects will drive more value to its partners.

In the Viator and TheFork segments, Tripadvisor provides two-sided marketplaces that connect travelers and diners to operators of bookable experiences and restaurants, respectively. Within the Viator segment, Tripadvisor is investing in growth, future scale, and market share gains to accelerate its market leadership position, while improving booking unit economics that provide visibility to sustainable future profitability. This means driving awareness and higher quality audience engagement, which Tripadvisor believes will drive greater repeat behavior, more direct traffic, and translate into improved unit economics over time.  Tripadvisor’s investments on both sides of its marketplace, as well as in its core offerings, are intended to deliver a differentiated value proposition that will drive sustainable market leadership as its partners, operators, and travelers find themselves in an increasingly competitive marketplace environment. Similarly, in TheFork segment, Tripadvisor is also investing in growth, future scale, and market share gains.  Tripadvisor’s investments are focused on continuing to grow both its restaurant base and its diner base by offering innovative tools and features on its platform, and through continued awareness of its brand.

Tripadvisor expects to drive growth through organic investment in data, product, marketing and technology to further enhance the value it delivers to travelers and partners across its brands, platforms, and reportable segments. In addition, Tripadvisor may accelerate growth inorganically by opportunistically pursuing strategic acquisitions.

Current Trends Affecting Tripadvisor’s Business

The online travel industry in which Tripadvisor operates is large, highly dynamic and competitive.  Described below are the impacts on Tripadvisor’s business from COVID-19, other current trends affecting its business and reportable segments, including key drivers of financial results, and uncertainties that may impact Tripadvisor’s ability to execute on its objectives and strategies, are below.

COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant negative impact on the global economy and the travel, leisure, hospitality and restaurant industries in particular beginning in 2020. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the pervasiveness and severity of travel restrictions and stay-at-home directives have varied by country and state; however, as of December 31, 2022, most of the countries in which Tripadvisor operates had eased or completely lifted such restrictions. While the COVID-19 pandemic negatively and materially affected Tripadvisor’s results for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, in 2022, although some areas of Tripadvisor’s business recovered faster than others, as discussed below, Tripadvisor generally experienced a recovery in travel demand and its financial performance during 2022. Although all periods included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements were impacted at varying degrees by the COVID-19 pandemic, none of these periods are considered comparable, and no periods affected by the pandemic are expected to be comparable to future periods. As a result, for additional context, the below information is provided regarding Tripadvisor’s performance for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, before the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Tripadvisor’s consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $1.5 billion, an increase of 65%, when compared to the same period in 2021. In comparison to a pre-COVID-19 timeframe, consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately 96% of 2019’s comparable period, an increase from approximately 58% of 2019’s comparable period during the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily attributable to what Tripadvisor believes to be increased consumer travel demand for travel industry related services, combined with the easing

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of government travel restrictions. Revenue trends also improved as 2022 progressed as consolidated revenue for the third and fourth quarter of 2022 exceeded parity with 2019's comparable period, in comparison to approximately 70% and 99% of 2019’s comparable periods during the first and second quarters of 2022, respectively.

Tripadvisor Core revenue increased 45% during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, despite the significant impact from the Omicron variant in the month of January 2022, as travel demand and revenue rebounded significantly during 2022. In comparison to a pre-COVID-19 timeframe, during the year ended December 31, 2022, Tripadvisor Core revenue reached approximately 79% of 2019’s comparable period, an increase from approximately 54% of 2019’s comparable period during 2021.

Tripadvisor-branded hotels revenue increased 44% during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to 2021, primarily driven by growth in Tripadvisor’s hotel meta (formerly referred to as hotel auction). During 2022, Tripadvisor-branded hotels revenue reached approximately 83% of 2019’s comparable period, an increase from approximately 58% of 2019’s comparable period during 2021.  Tripadvisor saw continued strength of recovery in its U.S. hotel meta revenue throughout 2022 on strong consumer travel demand, reaching parity with 2019’s comparable period during the year ended December 31, 2022. Revenue recovery in Europe and the rest of the world has been slower relative to the U.S. due to relative brand strength and recognition, but also due to uneven macroeconomic environments.

While slower to recover than Tripadvisor-branded hotels revenue, Tripadvisor-branded display and platform revenue increased 33% during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to 2021. In comparison to a pre-COVID-19 timeframe, Tripadvisor-branded display and platform revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately 81% of 2019’s comparable period, an increase from approximately 61% of 2019’s comparable period in 2021. This improvement in 2022 was primarily driven by an increase in marketing spend from Tripadvisor’s advertisers in correlation with increasing consumer travel demand, as discussed above.

Tripadvisor experiences and dining revenue increased 91% as a result of the travel demand recovery, combined with the easing of government restrictions, as well as the continued execution by its business, primarily driven by performance in Tripadvisor’s experiences offering as it continues to make investments in this offering to gain market share. In comparison to a pre-COVID-19 timeframe, Tripadvisor experiences and dining revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately 115% of 2019’s comparable period, an increase from approximately 60% of 2019’s comparable period in 2021.

Other revenue also improved during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to 2021, primarily driven by similar trends of increased consumer travel demand as part of the global travel demand recovery. The offerings within Other complement the Tripadvisor Core segment’s long-term strategy of delivering comprehensive guidance across the traveler journey.  However, Other revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022 has been slower to recover when compared against 2019's comparable period as Tripadvisor continues to balance capital deployments across its portfolio that align with its strategic priorities across the segment. Tripadvisor has also divested certain offerings within Other since 2019.

Tripadvisor began to see improvement in its Viator segment’s financial results during the third quarter of 2021, and this trend has continued throughout 2022, as revenue increased 168% during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to 2021, primarily driven by the consumer demand recovery, across all geographies, in conjunction with the lifting of various government restrictions on experience activities and the travel industry recovery, as well as continued execution by the business. In comparison to a pre-COVID-19 timeframe, Viator segment revenue for 2022 was approximately 171% of 2019’s comparable period, an increase from approximately 64% of 2019’s comparable period in 2021.

During the first quarter of 2021, restaurants in most of the European countries in which TheFork operates were ordered to remain closed. In TheFork segment, Tripadvisor saw a notable recovery beginning in mid-May 2021, as restaurants in most European countries in which TheFork operates began reopening for in-restaurant dining. However, late in the fourth quarter of 2021 and early into the first quarter of 2022, Omicron-related restrictions and related impacts to consumer demand within Europe again negatively impacted TheFork. These Omicron-related restrictions were lifted late in the first quarter of 2022, bringing a recovery of consumer demand and revenue, although European consumer demand

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and restaurant openings remained below pre-pandemic levels through 2022. TheFork segment revenue during 2022 increased approximately 48%, primarily driven by improving consumer demand, when compared to 2021. In comparison to a pre-COVID-19 timeframe, TheFork revenue for 2022 was approximately 99% of 2019’s comparable period, an increase from approximately 67% of 2019’s comparable period in 2021.

Other Current Trends

In response to increased consumer travel demand, Tripadvisor increased its performance marketing investments in 2022. In Tripadvisor Core, Tripadvisor observed strong performance in hotel meta primarily driven by increased CPC pricing during 2022.  This environment allowed Tripadvisor to increase performance marketing at a profitable ROAS (return on advertising spend), while its direct traffic, including SEO, has been slower to recover. Historically, Tripadvisor has generated a significant amount of direct traffic from search engines, such as Google, through strong SEO performance. Tripadvisor believes its SEO traffic acquisition performance has been negatively impacted in the past, and may be impacted in the future by search engines (primarily Google) increasing the prominence of their own products in search results. Over the long-term, Tripadvisor is focused on driving a greater percentage of its traffic from direct sources and channels that are more profitable than performance marketing channels.

The global experiences market is large, growing, and highly fragmented, with the vast majority of bookings still occurring through traditional offline sources.  Tripadvisor is observing a secular shift, however, as this market continues to grow and moves online faster.  Tripadvisor is observing similar trends in terms of online adoption by both consumers and partners in the global restaurants category, particularly in Europe. Given the competitive positioning of Tripadvisor’s businesses relative to the attractive growth prospects in these categories, Tripadvisor expects to continue to invest in these categories, and in particular within Viator and TheFork, to continue accelerating revenue growth, operating scale, and market share gains for the long-term.

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Results of Operations—Consolidated

General.  We provide in the tables below information regarding our historical Consolidated Operating Results and Other Income and Expense, as well as information regarding the contribution to those items from our reportable segments.

A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021 is presented below. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal year 2021 compared to fiscal year 2020 can be found in Part II, Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 18, 2022.

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In the second quarter of 2022, as part of a continuous review of our business we realigned the reportable segment information which our chief operating decision maker, or CODM, regularly assesses to evaluate performance for operating decision-making purposes, including evaluation and allocation of resources. The revised segment reporting structure includes the following reportable segments: (1) Tripadvisor Core; (2) Viator; and (3) TheFork. All prior period segment disclosure information has been reclassified to conform to the current reporting structure in this Form 10-K. These reclassifications had no effect on the consolidated financial statements in any period.  See further information in note 13 to the accompanying notes to the financial statements.

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Revenue. Tripadvisor Core revenue increased $301 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the corresponding prior year period.  The Tripadvisor Core segment has four revenue sources, as described above: (1) Tripadvisor-branded hotels, which includes Hotel auction and B2B revenue; (2) Tripadvisor-branded display and platform; (3) Tripadvisor experience and dining; and (4) Other. Tripadvisor Core revenue is detailed as follows:

Tripadvisor-branded hotels revenue primarily includes hotel auction revenue and to a lesser extent, hotel B2B revenue, which includes click-based revenue generated from hotel sponsored placement advertising that enable hotels to enhance their visibility on Tripadvisor hotel pages, and subscription-based advertising services that Tripadvisor offers to travel partners.  For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, 67%, 68% and 60%, respectively, of Tripadvisor’s total Tripadvisor Core segment revenue was derived from Tripadvisor-branded hotels revenue. Tripadvisor-branded hotels revenue increased $199 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily driven by Tripadvisor’s hotel meta revenue across all geographic markets, and, to a lesser extent, hotel B2B revenue, which has been slower to recover than hotel meta, due to the impact of increased consumer travel demand, the easing of travel restrictions and travel industry recovery on Tripadvisor’s business. As consumer travel demand increased during 2022, Tripadvisor saw continued improvement in hotel meta monetization, as cost per click (“CPC”) rates during 2022 were consistently near or exceeded parity with 2019's comparable period, which enabled increased efficient marketing investment on performance channels, enhancing Tripadvisor’s 2022 hotel meta revenue growth.

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, 13%, 15%, and 14%, respectively, of Tripadvisor Core segment revenue was derived from Tripadvisor-branded display and platform revenue, which consists of revenue from display-based advertising across its platform. Tripadvisor-branded display and platform revenue increased $32 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily driven by an increase in marketing spend from Tripadvisor’s advertisers, particularly DMOs, in correlation with increased consumer travel demand.

Tripadvisor experiences and dining revenue includes intercompany (intersegment) revenue consisting of affiliate marketing commissions earned primarily from experience bookings and, to a lesser extent, restaurant reservation bookings, on Tripadvisor-branded websites and mobile apps that are fulfilled by Viator and TheFork, respectively, which are eliminated on a consolidated basis, in addition to revenue from Tripadvisor’s restaurant service offerings. Tripadvisor experiences and dining revenue increased $64 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the same period in 2021, driven by increased consumer travel demand for experiences across all geographies, in conjunction with the lifting of various government restrictions on experience activities and the travel industry recovery.

Other revenue includes alternative accommodation rentals revenue, in addition to primarily click-based advertising and display-based advertising revenue from cruise, flights and rental car offerings on Tripadvisor websites and mobile apps.  Other revenue increased $6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the impact of increased consumer travel demand recovery on Tripadvisor’s business.  

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Viator revenue increased $309 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily driven by the consumer demand recovery for experiences across all geographies, in conjunction with the lifting of various government restrictions on experience activities and the travel industry recovery during the same period. Viator is also benefitting from a larger macro trend, or secular shift, as the large global market in which it operates continues to grow, and, in addition, migrate online from traditional offline sources. In addition, Tripadvisor estimates Viator's revenue growth was negatively impacted by foreign currency fluctuations of approximately 16% during the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the same period in 2021.

TheFork segment revenue increased $41 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, driven by consumer travel demand recovery and various government restrictions on restaurants being lifted in Europe, combined with the travel industry recovery during the same time period, which is discussed further above, despite the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, which Tripadvisor estimates negatively impacted TheFork's revenue growth during the year ended December 31, 2022 by approximately 19%, when compared to the same period in 2021.

Operating Expense. Operating expense increased $62 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase in operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, was primarily driven by a $42 million increase in cost of revenue and a $20 million increase in technology and content costs. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily due to increased direct costs from credit card payment processing fees and other revenue-related transaction costs in the Viator segment in direct correlation with the increase in revenue, as Viator serves as the merchant of record for the majority of its experience booking transactions. Technology and content costs increased primarily due to increased personnel and overhead costs resulting from additional headcount and contingent staff to support business growth during the travel demand recovery.

Selling, general and administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense increased $340 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period in the prior year. The most significant driver of selling, general and administrative expense is selling and marketing expenses, which includes direct costs, such as traffic generation costs from SEM and other online traffic acquisition costs, syndication costs and affiliate marketing commissions, social media costs, brand advertising (including television and other offline advertising), promotions and public relations, and indirect costs, such as personnel and overhead expenses, including salaries, commissions, benefits, bonuses for sales, sales support, customer support and marketing employees. Selling and marketing costs increased $319 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the same period in 2021. In addition, direct selling and marketing costs as a percentage of total consolidated revenue were 39% during the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase from 33% when compared to the same period in 2021. These increases were primarily due to an increase of approximately $277 million in SEM, other paid online traffic acquisition spend and other marketing costs, the substantial majority of which was incurred within the Tripadvisor Core and Viator segments, in order to capture increased consumer travel demand primarily in hotel meta and for experiences, as travel activity restrictions eased and the travel industry recovered, while direct traffic in Tripadvisor Core, including SEO traffic, has been slower to recover, as well as, and to a lesser extent, increased television advertising costs of $12 million in TheFork segment in order to regain brand awareness levels as pandemic related restaurant restrictions subsided in Europe and the industry recovered.

General and administrative costs increased $23 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to additional headcount to support business growth during the travel demand recovery, an increase in digital service taxes in Europe of $8 million and an approximate $8 million loss incurred during the fourth quarter of 2022 related to a fraud scheme resulting in payments to an external party, partially offset by a $9 million increase in non-income tax related government assistance related to COVID-19 relief during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Stock-based compensation. Stock based compensation decreased $32 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to certain Tripadvisor grants becoming fully vested during 2022.

Depreciation and amortization.  Depreciation and amortization decreased $53 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the completion of amortization related to certain intangible assets from business acquisitions and capitalized website development costs in previous years.

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Operating Income (Loss). Our consolidated operating income (loss) improved $273 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the corresponding prior year period. Operating income was impacted by the above explanations.

Adjusted OIBDA. To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we also disclose Adjusted OIBDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure.  We define Adjusted OIBDA as Operating income (loss) plus depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, separately reported litigation settlements, restructuring, acquisition and other related costs and impairment charges. Our chief operating decision maker and management team use this measure of performance in conjunction with other measures to evaluate our business and make decisions about our resources. We believe this is an important indicator of the operational strength and performance of our businesses by identifying those items that are not directly a reflection of each business’ performance or indicative of ongoing business trends. In addition, this measure allows us to view operating results, perform analytical comparisons and benchmarking between businesses and identify strategies to improve performance. Accordingly, Adjusted OIBDA should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, operating income, net income, cash flow provided by operating activities and other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).  

The following table provides a reconciliation of Operating income (loss) to Adjusted OIBDA:

Adjusted OIBDA is summarized as follows:

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Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA increased $197 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the corresponding prior year period.

Tripadvisor Core Adjusted OIBDA increased $168 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to an increase in revenue as noted above, partially offset by an increase in direct selling and marketing expenses related to SEM and other online paid traffic acquisition costs in response to increased consumer travel demand as travel restrictions eased and the travel industry recovered, and to a lesser extent, increased personnel and overhead costs to support business growth during the travel demand recovery.

Viator Adjusted OIBDA loss decreased $20 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to an increase in revenue as noted above. This was largely offset by an increase in selling and marketing expenses related to SEM, other online paid traffic acquisition costs, and other marketing costs in response to increased consumer demand for experiences as part of the consumer travel demand recovery and to grow market share, and, to a lesser extent, an increase in direct costs from credit card payments and other revenue-related transaction costs in direct correlation with the increase in revenue, as well as increased personnel and overhead costs to support business growth during the travel demand recovery.

TheFork Adjusted OIBDA loss decreased $7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to an increase in revenue as noted above, and to a lesser extent, incremental non-income tax related government assistance benefits related to COVID-19 relief of $8 million. This was largely offset by an increase in selling and marketing expenses related to online paid traffic acquisition costs and television advertising costs, in response to consumer travel demand recovery as government restrictions on restaurants were lifted and the travel industry recovered and, to a lesser extent, an increase in personnel and overhead costs to support business growth during the travel demand recovery.

Corporate Adjusted OIBDA loss decreased $2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same periods in 2021. Corporate Adjusted OIBDA includes TripCo level selling, general and administrative expenses.

Interest expense.  Interest expense increased $5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the accretion of TripCo’s Series A Preferred Stock (as defined in note 8 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements) through interest expense.

Dividend and interest income. Dividend and interest income increased $15 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to an increase in the average amount of cash invested at Tripadvisor and increased interest rates received on bank deposits during 2022.

Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial instruments, net. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial instruments, net are comprised of changes in the fair value of the following: