(8)  Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act made broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code, including, but not limited to, (1) reducing the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent; (2) bonus depreciation that allows for full expensing of qualified property; (3) creating a new limitation on deductible interest expense; (4) eliminating the corporate alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) and changing how existing AMT credits can be realized; (5) changing rules related to uses and limitations of net operating loss carryforwards created in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017; (6) limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation; and (7) requiring a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries that is payable over eight years. Additional requirements of the Tax Act include a tax on global low-tax income (“GILTI”) and deductions related to foreign derived intangible income. The SEC issued guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. The Company reflected the income tax effects of those aspects of the Tax Act for which the accounting was known as of December 31, 2017 and made immaterial revisions to such amounts during the allowed one year measurement period. The Company elected to account for GILTI as a period cost, and therefore included GILTI expense in the effective income tax rate calculation. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has completed its analysis of the tax effects of the Tax Act.

The corporate tax rate reduction was applied to our inventory of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, which resulted in the net tax benefit in the period ending December 31, 2017. Additionally, we are subject to the one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings on previously untaxed accumulated and current earnings and profits.

Income tax benefit (expense) consists of:

 

The following table presents a summary of our domestic and foreign earnings from continuing operations before income taxes:

 

Income tax benefit (expense) differs from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 35% for both of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 as a result of the following:

During 2018, the Company recognized additional tax expense related to the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for basis differences in the stock of a consolidated subsidiary and changes in unrecognized tax benefits. These expense items were partially offset by a net income tax benefit from earnings in foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates other than the 21% U.S. federal tax rate.

During 2017, the Company recognized an impairment loss on its goodwill that is not deductible for tax purposes. In connection with the initial analysis of the impact of the Tax Act, the Company estimated a one-time increase in tax expense of $67 million on the deemed repatriation of undistributed earnings of non-U.S. shareholders as a result of the Tax Act. In addition, the Company recorded a discrete net tax benefit of $139 million in the period ending December 31, 2017.  This net benefit primarily consists of a net benefit for the corporate rate reduction.

During 2016, the Company had income tax benefits from earnings in foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates other than the 35% U.S. federal tax rate, partially offset by changes in unrecognized tax benefits and changes in valuation allowance.

The tax effects of temporary differences and tax attributes that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are presented below:

During the year ended December 31, 2018, there was $4 million decrease in the Company’s valuation allowance that affected tax expense.  

Cumulative undistributed earnings of TripAdvisor’s foreign subsidiaries totaled approximately $651 million as of December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, TripAdvisor made a one-time repatriation of $325 million of foreign earnings to the U.S. primarily to repay remaining outstanding debt under the 2015 Credit Facility. TripAdvisor intends to indefinitely reinvest the remaining foreign undistributed earnings of $651 million, although it will continue to evaluate the impact of the Tax Act on capital deployment within and outside the U.S. Should TripAdvisor distribute, or be treated under certain U.S. tax rules as having distributed, the earnings of foreign subsidiaries in the form of dividends or otherwise, TripAdvisor may be subject to U.S. income taxes or tax benefits. The amount of any unrecognized deferred income tax on this temporary difference is not material.

At December 31, 2018, the Company has a deferred tax asset of $77 million for federal, state, and foreign loss carryforwards.  Of this amount, $38 million is recorded at TripAdvisor.  If not utilized to reduce income tax liabilities at TripAdvisor in future periods, these loss carryforwards will expire at various times between 2019 and 2037.  The remaining deferred tax asset of $39 million relates to federal and state net operating loss carryforwards recorded at TripCo. If not utilized to reduce income tax liabilities at TripCo in future periods, these net operating loss carryforwards will expire at various times between 2019 and 2037. The loss carryforwards recorded at TripAdvisor and TripCo are expected to be utilized prior to expiration, except for $57 million of foreign net operating losses (on a tax-effected basis), which based on current projections of foreign taxable income may expire unused.

A reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (amounts in millions):

As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company had recorded tax reserves of $136 million, $123 million and $105 million, respectively, related to unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, which is classified as long-term and included in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Prior to the acquisition of a controlling interest in TripAdvisor in December 2012, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions. If the unrecognized tax benefits were to be recognized for financial statement purposes, approximately $87 million, $78 million and $63 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, would be reflected in the Company’s tax expense and affect its effective tax rate. The Company’s estimate of its unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions requires a high degree of judgment. The Company does not anticipate any material changes in the next fiscal year.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had recorded approximately $20 million and $13 million, respectively, of accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

As of December 31, 2018, TripCo’s tax years prior to 2015 are closed for federal income tax purposes, and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has completed its examination of TripCo’s 2015, 2016 and 2017 tax years. TripCo’s 2018 tax year is being examined currently as part of the IRS’s Compliance Assurance Process program. Because TripCo’s ownership of TripAdvisor is less than the required 80%, TripAdvisor does not consolidate with TripCo for federal income tax purposes.

Prior to December 2011, TripAdvisor was included in the consolidated federal income tax returns filed by Expedia. Expedia’s 2009, 2010 and short-period 2011 tax years are currently being audited by the IRS. TripAdvisor and Expedia are parties to a tax sharing agreement whereby TripAdvisor is generally required to indemnify Expedia for any taxes resulting from the Expedia spin-off (and any related interest, penalties, legal and professional fees, and all costs and damages associated with related stockholder litigation or controversies) to the extent such amounts resulted from (i) any act or failure to act by TripAdvisor described in the covenants in the tax sharing agreement, (ii) any acquisition of TripAdvisor’s equity securities or assets or those of a member of its group, or (iii) any failure of the representations with respect to TripAdvisor or any member of its group to be true or any breach by TripAdvisor or any member of its group of any covenant, in each case, which is contained in the separation documents or in the documents relating to the IRS private letter ruling and/or the opinion of counsel.

TripAdvisor is undergoing an audit by the IRS for the short-period 2011, 2012 and 2013 tax years. Various states are currently examining TripAdvisor’s prior year’s state income tax returns. TripAdvisor is no longer subject to tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2009.  As of December 31, 2018, no material assessments have resulted for the 2012 and 2013 tax years.

In January 2017, as part of Expedia’s IRS audit, TripAdvisor received Notices of Proposed Adjustment from the IRS for the 2009 and 2010 tax years. These proposed adjustments are related to certain transfer pricing arrangements with TripAdvisor’s foreign subsidiaries, and would result in an increase to TripAdvisor’s worldwide income tax expense in an estimated range of $10 million to $14 million for 2009 and 2010 after consideration of competent authority relief, exclusive of interest and penalties. TripAdvisor disagrees with the proposed adjustments and intends to defend its position through applicable administrative and, if necessary, judicial remedies. TripAdvisor’s policy is to review and update tax reserves as facts and circumstances change. Based on TripAdvisor’s interpretation of the regulations and available case law, it believes the position taken with regard to transfer pricing with its foreign subsidiaries is sustainable.  In addition to the risk of additional tax for 2009 and 2010 transactions, if the IRS were to seek transfer pricing adjustments of a similar nature for transactions in subsequent years, TripAdvisor would be subject to significant additional tax liabilities.