(9) Income Taxes

Income tax benefit (expense) consists of:

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The following table presents a summary of our domestic and foreign earnings (losses) from continuing operations before income taxes:

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Income tax benefit (expense) differs from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% as a result of the following:

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During 2020, the Company recognized additional tax expense related to the impairment of goodwill that is not deductible for tax purposes.

During 2019, the Company recognized additional tax expense for changes in unrecognized tax benefits and dividends from Tripadvisor not recognized for book purposes, net of a dividends received deduction.  These expense items were partially offset by a net income tax benefit from earnings in foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates other than the 21% U.S. federal tax rate and federal income tax credits.

During 2018, the Company recognized additional tax expense related to the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for basis differences in the stock of a consolidated subsidiary and changes in unrecognized tax benefits. These expense items were partially offset by a net income tax benefit from earnings in foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates other than the 21% U.S. federal tax rate.

The CARES Act made tax law changes to provide financial relief to companies as a result of the business impacts of COVID-19. Key income tax provisions of the CARES Act include changes in net operating loss (“NOL”) carryback and carryforward rules, increase of the net interest expense deduction limit, and immediate write-off of qualified improvement property. The CARES Act allows us to carryback Tripadvisor’s U.S. federal NOLs incurred in 2020, generating an expected U.S. benefit of $76 million, of which $48 million will be refunded. This refund is recorded in income taxes receivable on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 and is expected to be received during 2021. Tripadvisor also reduced its long-term transition tax payable related to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act by $28 million as a result of the NOL carryback.

The tax effects of temporary differences and tax attributes that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are presented below:

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During the year ended December 31, 2020, there was a $40 million increase in the Company’s valuation allowance that affected tax expense and a $2 million increase related to the impact of foreign exchange rates.

As a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, foreign earnings may now generally be repatriated back to the U.S. without incurring U.S. federal income tax.  Historically, Tripadvisor had asserted its intention to indefinitely reinvest the cumulative undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries.  In response to increased cash requirements in the U.S. related to Tripadvisor’s declaration of a special cash dividend and other strategic initiatives during the fourth quarter of 2019, Tripadvisor determined it no longer considers all foreign earnings to be indefinitely reinvested. As of December 31, 2020, $376 million of Tripadvisor’s cumulative undistributed foreign earnings were no longer considered to be indefinitely reinvested.  Tripadvisor intends to indefinitely reinvest $118 million of these foreign earnings in its non-U.S. subsidiaries, which determination of any related unrecognized deferred income tax liability is not practicable.

At December 31, 2020, the Company has a deferred tax asset of $141 million for federal, state, and foreign NOLs, interest expense carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards.  Of this amount, $119 million is recorded at Tripadvisor.  If not utilized to reduce income tax liabilities at Tripadvisor in future periods, these loss carryforwards and tax credits will expire at various times between 2021 and 2036.  The remaining deferred tax asset of $22 million relates to federal and state NOL carryforwards and interest expense carryforwards recorded at TripCo. If not utilized to reduce income tax liabilities at TripCo in future periods, $17.1 million of these NOL carryforwards will expire at various times between 2023 and 2037.  The remaining $4.9 million of NOLs and interest expense carryforwards may be carried forward indefinitely. These carryforwards recorded at Tripadvisor and TripCo are expected to be utilized prior to expiration, except for $122 million of NOLs, interest expense carryforwards, and tax credit carryforwards, which based on current projections may expire unused.

A reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (amounts in millions):

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As of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company had recorded tax reserves of $144 million, $140 million and $136 million, respectively, related to unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, which are classified as long-term and included in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Prior to the acquisition of a controlling interest in Tripadvisor in December 2012, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions. If the unrecognized tax benefits were to be recognized for financial statement purposes, approximately $74 million, $82 million and $87 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, would be reflected in the Company’s tax expense and affect its effective tax rate. The Company’s estimate of its unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions requires a high degree of judgment. The Company anticipates that the liability for unrecognized tax benefits could decrease by up to $4 million within the next twelve months due to the settlement of examinations of issues with tax authorities.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had recorded approximately $35 million and $29 million, respectively, of accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

As of December 31, 2020, TripCo’s tax years prior to 2017 are closed for federal income tax purposes, and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has completed its examination of TripCo’s 2017 and 2018 tax years. Because TripCo’s ownership of Tripadvisor is less than the required 80%, Tripadvisor does not consolidate with TripCo for federal income tax purposes.

Prior to December 2011, Tripadvisor was included in the consolidated federal income tax returns filed by Expedia. Expedia’s 2009, 2010 and short-period 2011 tax years are currently being audited by the IRS. Tripadvisor and Expedia are parties to a tax sharing agreement whereby Tripadvisor is generally required to indemnify Expedia for any taxes resulting from the Expedia spin-off (and any related interest, penalties, legal and professional fees, and all costs and damages associated with related stockholder litigation or controversies) to the extent such amounts resulted from (i) any act or failure to act by Tripadvisor described in the covenants in the tax sharing agreement, (ii) any acquisition of Tripadvisor’s equity securities or assets or those of a member of its group, or (iii) any failure of the representations with respect to Tripadvisor or any member of its group to be true or any breach by Tripadvisor or any member of its group of any covenant, in each case, which is contained in the separation documents or in the documents relating to the IRS private letter ruling and/or the opinion of counsel.

Tripadvisor is undergoing an audit by the IRS for the short-period 2011, 2012-2016, and 2018 tax years and is also under an employment tax audit by the IRS for the 2015 through 2017 tax years. Various states are currently examining Tripadvisor’s prior year’s state income tax returns. Tripadvisor is no longer subject to tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2009.  As of December 31, 2020, no material assessments have resulted, except as noted below.

In January 2017 and April 2019, as part of Expedia’s IRS audit, Tripadvisor received Notices of Proposed Adjustment from the IRS for the 2009, 2010 and 2011 tax years. Subsequently, in September 2019, as part of Tripadvisor’s

standalone audit, Tripadvisor received Notices of Proposed Adjustment from the IRS for the 2012 and 2013 tax years, and in August 2020, Tripadvisor received Notices of Proposed Adjustment from the IRS for the 2014, 2015 and 2016 tax years.  These proposed adjustments are related to certain transfer pricing arrangements with Tripadvisor’s foreign subsidiaries, and would result in an increase to Tripadvisor’s worldwide income tax expense in an estimated range of $95 million to $105 million at the close of the audit if the IRS prevails, which includes $20 million to $30 million related to the 2009 through 2011 pre Expedia spin-off tax years. The estimated range takes in consideration competent authority relief and transition tax regulations, and is exclusive of deferred tax consequences and interest expense, which would be significant. Tripadvisor disagrees with the proposed adjustments and intends to defend its position through applicable administrative and, if necessary, judicial remedies. Tripadvisor’s policy is to review and update tax reserves as facts and circumstances change. Based on Tripadvisor’s interpretation of the regulations and available case law, it believes the position taken with regard to transfer pricing with its foreign subsidiaries is sustainable.  In addition to the risk of additional tax for 2009 through 2016 years, Tripadvisor would be subject to significant additional tax liabilities. Tripadvisor has requested competent authority assistance under the Mutual Agreement Procedure for tax years 2009 through 2013. Tripadvisor expects the competent authorities to present a resolution for the 2009 through 2011 tax years in the near future.  Upon receipt, Tripadvisor will assess the resolution provided by the competent authorities as well as its impact on its existing income tax reserves for all open subsequent years.

In January 2021, Tripadvisor received an issue closure notice relating to adjustments for 2012 through 2016 tax years from HM Revenue & Customs (“HMRC”). These proposed adjustments are related to certain transfer pricing arrangements with Tripadvisor’s foreign subsidiaries and would result in an increase to its worldwide income tax expense in an estimated range of $45 million to $55 million, exclusive of interest expense, at the close of the audit if HMRC prevails. Tripadvisor disagrees with the proposed adjustments and intends to defend its position through applicable administrative and, if necessary, judicial remedies. Tripadvisor’s policy is to review and update tax reserves as facts and circumstances change. Based on its interpretation of the regulations and available case law, Tripadvisor believes the position it has taken with regard to transfer pricing with its foreign subsidiaries is sustainable.